No silver bullet essays

No silver bullet essays The objectives of this essay are to examine whether or not Brooks original scepticism that no single new development in the next ten years would give software developers an order-of-magnitude improvement in productivity, reliability, or simplicity and ...future progress depends upon addressing the data are reversible. We will discuss Brooks original thoughts and we will try to give alternative solutions (if any). This essay, in general, accepts Brooks thoughts as he worked on OS/360 one of the most known, for their size, software projects. Before we discuss what Fred Brooks is arguing, we ought to refer to the differences between software engineering and programming. These two concepts are, in fact, totally different. On one hand, programming is primarily a personal activity while on the other hand software engineering is essentially a team activity. In other words, a software engineering team, which is working on a project, may consist of many programmers. On the contrary, a programmer writes a complete program while a software engineer writes a software component that will be combined with components written by other software engineers to build a system. Furthermore, the component one writes may be modified by others in the software engineering team and it may also be used by others to build different versions of the system long after one has left the project. Finally, we must say that programming is just one aspect of software development. Most of the projects, including software projects, are usually running out of time, the budget limit is much higher than it was prearranged and also the delivered product is not remarkable. For that reason, before a project is implemented its objectives, scope and deliverables should be addressed and defined. It is very important to have a clear understanding of what you are going to build and the most important thing is to build it on time. At this...

50 Words or Less

50 Words or Less 50 Words or Less 50 Words or Less By Maeve Maddox In a recent post I have the following sentence: Conveying a coherent report in 50 words or less is quite a feat, and the writers in my paper usually do an amazingly good job of it. Several readers wrote to ask if I shouldn’t have written â€Å"50 words or fewer.† I appreciate readers who gently point out my errors so that I can have them corrected before too many more people see them. In the case of â€Å"50 words or less,† however, I’m on solid ground. The distinction between less and fewer when used to qualify nouns was codified in the 18th century. Fewer is used to qualify countable nouns: Channel 10 runs fewer commercials than Channel 5. Fewer people are in touch with Nature these days. Less is used to qualify uncountable nouns: She loves her new job, but she is earning less money. With the new standards, children may read less literature in school. There are exceptions to this rule. Less is used to describe units, such as time, money, and distance: I’ve spent less than two hours on my homework today. We owe less than $1,000 on the car. Our new house is located less than three miles from the school. When the relevant â€Å"items† (e.g., hours, dollars, miles) are seen as a unit and not as individual items, less is the word to use. A few years ago the UK store chain TESCO, overwhelmed by grammar sticklers, changed its express lane signs from â€Å"10 items or less† to â€Å"Up to 10 items.† According to Pocket Fowler’s Modern English Usage (Oxford, 2008), they needn’t have done so: Supermarket checkouts are correct when the signs they display read 5 items or less (which refers to a total amount), and are misguidedly pedantic when they read 5 items or fewer (which emphasizes individuality, surely not the intention). The usage â€Å"50 words or less† falls into the same category as the check-out sign. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous7 Proofreading Steps

What would you do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What would you do - Essay Example A friend had advised me that he had on occasion included a line item into his budget called a â€Å"Radio† item that would in essence make a lot of noise and attract attention but could be "unplugged" easily. He said that after the council focused all its attention on that item and it was finally removed, everything else would be approved with little question. The initial dilemma revolves around whether or not I would use some sort of ‘smoke and mirrors’ strategy to pass a budget that I personally believe to be sound. Or do I prepare a budget to the best of my ability and let it come under exceptional scrutiny. What this translates to is that I could examine this scenario from either an egoist perspective in which I would act in accordance with what I personally believe is in my own self interest or if I should view this situation under a utilitarian perspective in which I should choose the solution that brings the greatest good to the greatest number of people. There are a number of externalities to consider in this situation. One major concern is the decision making process of the town council. If it is the case that they are reasonable decision makers than it would be that I would possibly act differently if they are a group of vindictive or corrupt people. Secondly, special consideration must be made on the special conditions or items that I am placing in my own budget. For example, there may be a budget requirement that I believe is necessary for the effective running of a government bureau. If it is unlikely that a council will approve of this budgetary requirement, I may be persuaded to use some underhanded methods (Such as utilizing aggressive sales tactics) to educate the council of the benefits of this line item. Special consideration must be afforded to the idea that there may be some regulatory board that oversees my actions and if I were to use a ‘Radio’ tactic it may be that there are some serious legal ramifications that

Competitive Advantage Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Competitive Advantage - Assignment Example Barnes & Noble has the greatest product variety in the industry in both books and e-books. Due to the size of the company the firm is in a better position to offer lower prices. The company is able to lower costs in its purchases because the company achieves economies of scale. Small scale bookstores have to become more proactive in their operational and marketing efforts in order to compete with Barnes & Nobles. A way for a small bookstore to differentiate itself is by providing superior customer service. Special services such as ordering any book the customer wants even if the company does not make its normal profit is an effective way to increase customer retention. Another way to boost the business of a small bookstore is by designing a good website that offers the entire inventory of books available at the store. The use of cellular advertising is one of the hottest marketing channels of

Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

Critical Lens Essay In Optimism, published in 1903, Helen Keller states Although the world is full of suffering it is also full of the overcoming of it. By this she means that eventhough there is a lot of obstacles in life, there are people that have the power to move past them. I disagree with this statement. One work of literature that help disprove Helen Kellers statement is the epic tragedy, Macbeth, by William Shakespeare. Another work of literature that disproves the statement is The Monkeys Paw by W. W. Jacobs. Both of these works use different literary elements to disprove the statement. In the epic tragedy Macbeth the author, William Shakespeare, uses symbolism to show that the world is full of suffering and sorrow. One example is when Lady Macbeth cries, â€Å"Out, damned spot; out, I say . . . who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?† in her sleep. The spots of blood Lady Macbeth dreamed she saw on her hands were symbolizing the guilt that she had for killing King Duncan. Another example of symbolism in Macbeth is when Macbeth says â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?†. Macbeth is feeling guilty because of all the live he has taken and all the lies he has told. These example help to show that the world is a place full of suffering. In the twisted short story, The Monkeys Paw by W.W. Jacobs, the author uses irony to show that the world is full of evil and suffering. One example of irony in the short story is when Mr. and Mrs. White need money, so they make a wish with the paw for 200 pounds. They wait the next morning after their son, Herbert, goes to work for the money to show up. Later in the afternoon, a fancily dressed man pays a visit to the family saying that their son has died in a machinery accident. He then pays them 200 pounds for their loss. Another example of irony is when they wish for Herbert to come back to life. Herbert came back to life, but he was all destroyed from the machinery accident. Mr. and Mrs. White were terrified, Mr. White made a wish. They opened the door, and the road was empty. This short story shows that the world is evil and twisted. In conclusion, the world is a cruel place. Ms. Helen Kellers statement was disproved by the multiple examples provided. Macbeth killed many people trying to keep the secret of killing King Duncan. The White family was put through suffering: by having their son dead, having to see the torn body of their loved one, seeing the undead Herbert show up at their home, and living the rest of their lives kowing it was their fault Herbert died.

Biometric Systems :: Essays Papers

Biometric Systems As defined in Computer Security Basics by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Biometrics is the use of a persons unique physiological, behavioral, and morphological characteristics to provide positive personal identification. Biometric systems that are currently avaiable today examine fingerprints, handprints, and retina patterns. Systems that are close to biometrics but are not classified as such are behavioral systems such as voice, signature and keystroke systems. They test patterns of behavior not parts of the body. It seems that in the world of biometrics that the more effective the device, the less willing people will be to accept it. Retina pattern devices are the most reliable but most people hate the idea of a laser shooting into their eye. Yet something such as monitoring keystroke patters people don't mind, but it's not nearly as effective. Biometric verification is forecast to be a multibillion dollar market in this decade. There is no doubt that financial credit and debit cards are going to be the biggest part of the biometric market. There are also many significant niche markets which are growing rapidly. For example, biometric identification cards are being used at a university in Georgia to allow students to get their meals, and in a Maryland day care center to ensure that the right person picks up the right child. In Los Angeles, they are using fingerprints to stop welfare fraud. And they're also being used by frequent business travellers for rapid transit through immigration and customs in Holland, and now at JFK and Newark airports in the United States. It could also be used to simply prevent one employee from "punching in" for some one else, or to prevent someone from opening up an account at a bank using a false name. Then there is also the security access market, access to computer databases, to premises and a variety of other areas. The Sentry program made by Fingerprint Technologies uses several devices at once. The system first prompts for a user name and password. Then they must have their fingerprint scan match what is on record. They can also use a video camera for real time video to capture photographs which can be incorporated into the data base. The time to scan and gain entrance to the building take from 6 to 10 seconds depending on what other information the operator wishes the user

IB Chemistry Lab Design †compare the effect of temperature on the concentrations of Vitamin C and Vitamin A in solution Essay

Research Question: To compare the effect of temperature on the concentrations of Vitamin C and Vitamin A in solution. Background Information: Many researchers claim that the vitamin content in the food we eat decreases as we cook the food, since it is being exposed to high temperatures. This really intrigued me since cooking is one of my hobbies, and I always try and check the nutritional value of meals that I cook. With this in mind, it was quintessential for me to see for myself if these claims hold true. To narrow the scope of the investigation, I chose Vitamins A and C to do this study upon. The claims state that the enzyme in whose form Vitamin C is found, gets denatured (or oxidised) at temperatures over 70Â °C as well as at low temperatures, in the freezer. Also, studies claim that Vitamin A (in the form of retinol) gets oxidised at high temperatures, during cooking. Once these vitamins get oxidised, they are lost to us. This investigation will compare the effects of high temperature on Vitamin A and Vitamin C solutions. http://chemmovies.unl.edu/chemistry/smallscale/SSGifs/SS054Ascorbic.gif The ascorbic acid enzyme gets denatured at high temperatures because the tertiary structure of the protein, which the enzyme is made up of, unravels, causing the active site of the enzyme to change in shape. This leads to the substrate being unable to fit into the active site, and we say that the enzyme is denatured. This denaturing can take place at extremes of pH too.The Vitamin A (retinol) gets oxidised because, at high temperatures, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form a carboxylic acid (retinoic acid). In the laboratory, ascorbic acid found in fruits and vegetables can be simulated by adding ascorbic acid crystals to water, to form a mildly acidic solution. This solution can also be used as the standard solution during titration to find concentration of ascorbic acid. To simulate Vitamin A, we can simply add retinol to water to form a standard solution. Hypothesis: At higher temperatures, both the concentration of Vitamin C and Vitamin A can be expected to decrease. However, I expect the decrease to be greater in the case of the Vitamin C solution since (having protein-like properties) it is more sensitive to extremes of temperature. Also, the alcohol retinol has a high boiling point, so I believe that it will be more resistant to oxidation too. Variables: Independent Variable Why and How it is Changed Temperature to which the Vitamin C/A solution is heated The factor whose effect is being studied on the concentration of Vitamin C/A in a solution is the temperature the solution is heated to. Therefore, the temperature is the independent variable. In order to change the temperature, equal quantities of the same Vitamin C/A solution are heated to different temperatures. The different temperatures taken are – 30Â °C, 50Â °C, 70Â °C and 90Â °C. As a control, one solution is placed at room temperature. A thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the solution. Investigation at each temperature will be repeated 3 times, to ensure reliability. Dependent Variable Why and How it is Recorded Concentration of Vitamin C/A in solution (in mol dm-3), after exposure to temperature The effect of temperature on the concentration of Vitamin C/A in a solution is being studied, thus the concentration is the dependent variable. As the temperature moves further away from room temperature (above or below) the concentration of Vitamin C/A in the solution should decrease due to denaturing or oxidation. The concentration of Vitamin C is calculated by doing an iodine titration. A starch solution is added to a standard Vitamin C solution which is the titrant. Into this, a solution of potassium iodide and potassium iodate is titrated till a blue colour is obtained (end point). This is repeated thrice. The average volume of iodine solution used is calculated, and divided by the concentration of Vitamin C. Then, the solutions of unknown concentrations are titrated and unitary method is used to calculate their concentrations. The concentration of Vitamin A is calculated using a redox titration. This is done by making a solution of acid dichromate, potassium iodide and starch. This is titrated against a solution of sodium thiosulfate of known concentration. The volume of thiosulfate used is noted. Then, the Vitamin A solutions are added to a similar solution of dichromate, KI and starch, and titration is carried out with thiosulfate. For every 1 less mole of thiosulfate used there is 0.25 mole of alcohol in the sample (according to the chemical equations) which was tested. Controlled Variable Why and How it is Maintained pH of Vitamin solution Extremes of pH can also lead to the denaturing of enzymes, so if pH changes it will interfere with the results, potentially giving inaccurate results. Thus, the pH needs to be kept a constant. This can be done by adding a few drops of acidic buffer to the initial solution. Presence of Antioxidants Antioxidants including salts such as sodium chloride tend to ‘protect’ ascorbic acid from being oxidised, and thus their presence may lead to inaccurate results. Thus, they need to be eliminated. This can be done by using distilled water (without any salts) while preparing the solution of ascorbic acid. Head Space Present in System The ascorbic acid gets denatured because of oxidation by air. Thus, if the volume of air present in the system changes, the results will also change invariably. To prevent this, the amount of head space present in the system must be kept constant. This can be done by placing a lid on top of the beaker in which the acid solution is heated. Initial Concentration of Ascorbic Acid solution If the initial concentration of ascorbic acid in the solution is different, then the final concentration will also be affected. This can be avoided by adding the same mass of ascorbic acid to the same volume of water while preparing all the sample solutions. Volume of Ascorbic Acid solution The volume of acid solution used for each temperature and each trial should be the same since otherwise it will affect the volume of iodine solution used. Therefore, the volume has to be measured accurately using a pipette for each temperature and trial (each titration). Concentration of starch, potassium iodide and potassium iodate solutions The concentration of any of these solutions will affect the volume of solution titrated during each trial. Thus, it needs to be kept a constant. This can be done by ensuring that equal masses of these reagents are added to equal volumes of water, for all the trials. Final temperature of solution The final temperature of the solution may affect the concentration of the acid in the solution, as rapid heating and cooling can encourage oxidation. Thus, to avoid errors, the solutions will be allowed to rest till they reach room temperature, and only then will they be titrated to calculate concentration. Chemicals 1. L-ascorbic acid – 3.52 g to make 1 dm3 of 0.002 M solution of acid 1. Glucose – 50 g to add to acid solution, to simulate fruit juice 1. Potassium Iodide – 10.0 g to make 1 dm3 iodine solution 1. Potassium Iodate – 0.536 g to make 1 dm3 iodine solution 1. Starch (soluble) – 0.25 g to make 50 ml of 0.5% starch solution 1. 3.00 M Sulphuric Acid – 60 ml to add to iodine solution 1. Distilled Water – To make all the solutions and washing Other Materials 1. Weighing Scale 1. Bunsen Burner 1. Tripod Stand 1. Wire Gauze 1. Mortar and Pestle 1. Pipette Filler 1. Lid (for beaker) – 4 1. Thermometer Procedure: Preparing Ascorbic Acid Solution of concentration 0.002 M 1. Measure 3.52 g of L-ascorbic acid using the weighing scale and the weighing boat (which has to be completely dry). 1. Place the weighed crystals in the mortar and use the pestle to crush the crystals into a fine powder, to aid with dissolving it in water. 1. Place the powdered acid into a 500 ml beaker and add a little distilled water to dissolve the acid. Use the glass rod to stir. 1. Once it seems that the acid has fully dissolved, add some more water to the solution, to ensure that all the acid has actually dissolved. Then, transfer the solution into the 1000 ml standard flask using a washed funnel and the glass rod. 1. Wash the beaker with water and pour into standard flask, to remove any remaining solution. Repeat this process 3 times. 1. Wash the funnel and the glass rod, letting the water run into the standard flask. 1. Make up the solution to the 1000 ml mark. Place the stopper and mix the solution thoroughly. Transfer approximately 500 ml of this solution to the 500 ml beaker, for ease of use. Preparing the 0.5 % starch solution 1. Measure 0.25 g of starch using the weighing scale and weighing boat. 1. Bring 50 ml of distilled water nearly to a boil, and then add the measured quantity of starch powder to it. Allow to cool. Preparing the Iodine Solution 1. Measure 10.0 g of potassium iodide and 0.536 g of potassium iodate using the weighing scale and weighing boat. Transfer this to a 500 ml beaker. 1. Dissolve the solids in approximately 400 ml of distilled water. Stir using the glass rod, to aid in dissolving. Add the 60 ml of 3.00 M sulphuric acid to the solution at this point. 1. Once it seems that the solids have fully dissolved, add some more water to the solution, to ensure that all of it has actually dissolved. Then, transfer the solution into a 1000 ml standard flask, using a washed funnel and the glass rod. 1. Wash the beaker with water and pour into standard flask, to remove any remaining solution. Repeat this process 3 times. 1. Wash the funnel and the glass rod, letting the water run into the standard flask. 1. Make up the solution to the 1000 ml mark. Place the stopper and mix the solution thoroughly. Transfer approximately 500 ml of this solution to a 500 ml beaker, for ease of use. Titration Set-up and Final Steps 1. Transfer 65 ml of Vitamin C solution each into 5, 250 ml beakers. 1. Keep one of the containers in a trough containing melting ice (0Â °C). Keep one at room temperature (as a control + standard solution). Heat the other three to 30Â °C, 60Â °C and 90Â °C respectively. Ensure that all the beakers are covered with a lid during heating or cooling. 1. Wash the pipette, first using tap water and then distilled water. Rinse the pipette thoroughly with the Vitamin C solution at room temperature. 1. Use a pipette to transfer 20 ml of the Vitamin C solution, at room temperature, into a conical flask. This is the standard solution (and the control) since its concentration is known (0.002 M). 1. Add 10 drops of the starch solution to the conical flask. Swirl the contents to mix properly. 1. Wash the burette with tap water followed by distilled water. Then, rinse the burette with the iodine solution. 1. Fill the burette with iodine solution till the 0.0 ml mark. 1. Titrate the iodine solution into the conical flask, swirling the conical flask at all times. The end point is reached when a blue colour is obtained that persists even after 20 seconds of swirling. Note down the volume of iodine solution used. 1. Re-fill the burette to the 0.0 ml mark. Repeat the titration process 2 more times. Note down these two values for volume of iodine solution used as well. Calculate the average volume used. 1. Check that all the solutions that were heated (or cooled) have reached room temperature, with the help of a thermometer. 1. If they have reached room temperature, repeat the entire titration process (steps 18 – 24) with the other 4 solution (0Â °C, 30Â °C, 60Â °C and 90Â °C). Ensure that the burette is re-filled to the 0.0 ml mark after each and every titration, and that the pipette is first washed, and then rinsed with the solution that is going to be placed in the conical flask. 1. Use unitary method, to calculate the concentration of Vitamin C in each solution, after heating or cooling, using the concentration of the solution at room temperature (0.002 M) as the known value.

Deviant Behavior and Social Control Essay

Durkheim said, â€Å"We must not say that an action shocks the common conscience because it is criminal, but rather that it is criminal because it shocks the common conscience. † The strain theory by Robert K. Merton suggests that American are geared toward deviance because of a lack of legitimate options to attain the monetary goal that Americans emphasize (Tischler, p. 146). Travis Hirschi posed the control theory which focuses on the importance of the people around you to mold you into a regular lifestyle. He said that there are four main points to why someone will become deviant or not: attachment to others, commitment to conformity, involvement in conventional activities, belief in the moral validity of social rules. If someone displays these four points than they will probably be a functioning member of society. Sociologists suggest the techniques of neutralization, which are ways we will justify the deviant act to ourselves so that we are able to complete it. The five techniques are denial of responsibility, denying the injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the authorities, and appealing to higher principles of authorities. Lastly, there is the labeling theory which states that individuals will commit secondary deviant acts after the fact that they have already been deemed a deviant by society. A flaw in this theory is that it does not give reason for why the original deviant act was committed. Every theory previously posed does have legitimate facts behind why it could be the cause for deviant behavior, but no single one is completely correct. Although the mesomorphic body type may be deemed as a more aggressive person, this would not be the only reason why the person was deviant, so the biological theory cannot stand alone. The psychological theories have a lot of mental disease that makes them more prone to deviant activity, but it is also proven that these traits are overcome by a good social environment and in some cases the proper medication. Just like the psychological theories, the sociological theories are proven that the environment that one is raised or lives in is a highly important factor, but it is possible for someone in a good environment to be deviant and vice versa. 2. What types of crime exist in the Unite States? There are four main categories of crime in the United States and these crimes range from rape to robbery to embezzlement to public drunkenness. The first category of crime is violent crime which consists of acts such as murder and assault. These crimes usually come with the longest prison sentences, and the good news is that these types of crime have been on the decline over the past few years. Next we have property crime which consists of three quarters of the crime in the United States. Car theft and burglary are examples of property crimes. According to the FBI, a white-collar crime is â€Å"characterized by deceit, concealment, or a violation of trust. † Bernie Madoff, the Enron corporation, and ponzi schemes are what we consider to be white-collar crimes. Finally, we have what are called victimless crimes. These are crimes that break what is considered law, but have no direct victim. Prostitution, drug use, and DUI are all what can be considered victimless. They use the term â€Å"victimless† but the argument can be made that the victim is the person committing the crime because their actions usually harm themselves. 3. What parts of the court and prison system are effective, and what parts are ineffective? Only two out of the four major goals of prison are effective. The first of which is to separate criminals from society, is accomplished by the physical act of taking criminals off the street and putting them behind fences that are twenty feet high with barbed wire, towers with armed guards, and impenetrable buildings of brick and mortar. This is honestly the only thing that our courts succeed in doing, but when you separate them from society, you put them with fellow criminals who have new crimes to teach. The second goal that can be considered effective is that prison is a legitimate punishment for criminal behavior. For me, being in prison is a mental and physical hell because it causes you to be broken down while in a small cell with a bar door and no window and no means of escape. For others it may not be like this though, because as mentioned before in the theories of deviance, a criminal may have psychological problems where they are unable to conform and prison makes them conform so they begin to enjoy what they are unable to have on the outside. Also, most criminals peers are other criminals, so while incarcerated they do not feel completely separated from their usual world. The other two primary goals of the prison systems can be considered highly ineffective. Deterring criminal behavior is the third goal of prisons and as the statistics show, this is not commonly achieved. If prison were a good deterrent than we would not have the crime rate that we have today. If the reward of the crime is greater than what the punishment will be, a crime will be committed. The last goal of the prisons is to rehabilitate. The facts are concrete when showing that prison and the programs within have minimal success rates. My personal observations over the past two weeks concur with the facts. I would estimate that close to ninety percent of the inmates who are in here for drug and alcohol related offenses talk about getting high or drunk on the day they are released, and with fellow inmates. The inmates who are guilty of burglary or robbery and other related offenses admit that they don’t know any other way of life, and that they will continue their criminal ways when released. There will never be a perfect society in which there is no deviant behavior. There is, however, ways in which we can continue to develop a better understanding of what causes the deviant behavior and ways in which we can prevent it. The prison system is continually developing new trial programs to help addicts and alcoholics, along with incorporating programs for criminals to get started on a career path instead of a criminal path. I do not believe that these will ever be one definite answer to why one becomes deviant, but let’s hope that as future progresses the rate at which deviance occurs decreases.

How to Write in MLA Style

How to Write in MLA Style On this episode, we discuss MLA style, including what it is, who uses it in their research, some important things to remember when writing a paper in MLA format, whats new in the 8th Edition of the MLA Handbook, and how to format in-text citations and a works cited page.MLA style is often used by scholars in the humanities and the liberal arts. The humanities and the liberal arts consist of subjects like English literature, rhetoric and composition, cultural studies, and foreign language studies and literature.You will probably use MLA style if you are writing a literary analysis, a persuasive essay, a literary criticism, an expository essay, or a research paper for the humanities.In addition to these topics, we cover:A few things to remember when using MLA style, such as keeping 1-inch margins on all sides.Whats changed in the 8th Edition, for example, how MLA has been adapted for digital research.The format of in-text citations, and how they are needed if you are paraphrasing or di rectly quoting a source.How to complete a page, including how the second and subsequent lines are indented.

Whale Species That Migrate and the Distance Traveled

Whale Species That Migrate and the Distance Traveled Whales may migrate thousands of miles between breeding and feeding grounds. In this article, you can learn about how whales migrate and the longest distance a whale has migrated. About Migration Migration is the seasonal movement of animals from one place to another. Many species of whales migrate from feeding grounds to breeding grounds - some traveling long distances that may amount to thousands of miles. Some whales migrate latitudinally (north-south), some move between onshore and offshore areas, and some do both. Where Whales Migrate There are over 80 species of whales, and each has their own movement patterns, many of which are not yet fully understood. In general, whales migrate toward the colder poles in the summer and toward the more tropical waters of the equator in the winter. This pattern allows whales to take advantage of the productive feeding grounds in colder waters in the summer, and then when productivity lowers, to migrate to warmer waters and give birth to calves.   Do All Whales Migrate? All whales in a population may not migrate. For example, juvenile humpback whales may not travel as far as adults, since they are not mature enough to reproduce. They often stay in cooler waters and exploit the prey that occurs there during the winter. Some whale species with fairly well-known migration patterns include: Gray whales, which migrate between Alaska and Russia and Baja CaliforniaNorth Atlantic right whales, which appear to move between cold waters off the Northeastern US and Canada to waters off South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.Humpback whales, which move between northern feeding grounds and southern breeding grounds.  Blue whales. In the Pacific, blue whales migrate from California to Mexico and Costa Rica. What Is the Longest Whale Migration? Gray whales are thought to have the longest migrations of any marine mammal, traveling 10,000-12,000 miles round trip between their breeding grounds off Baja California to their feeding grounds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas off Alaska and Russia. A gray whale reported in 2015 broke all marine mammal migration records - she traveled from Russia to Mexico and back again. this was a distance of  13,988 miles in 172 days. Humpback whales also migrate far - one humpback was sighted off the Antarctic Peninsula in April 1986 and then resighted off Colombia in August 1986, which means it traveled over 5,100 miles. Whales are a wide-ranging species, and not all migrate as close to shore as gray whales and humpbacks. So the migration routes and distances of many whale species (the fin whale, for example) are still relatively unknown. Sources Clapham, Phil. 1999. ASK Archive: Whale Migrations (Online). Note: Accessed online October 5, 2009. As of October 17, 2011, link no longer active.Geggel, L. 2015. Gray Whale Breaks Mammal Migration Record. LiveScience. Accessed June 30, 2015.Journey North. 2009. Gray Whale Migration (Online). Accessed October 5, 2009.Mead, J.G. and J.P. Gold. 2002. Whales and Dolphins in Question. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington and London.

Capital Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Capital Budgeting - Essay Example And when we search for scientifically viable definitions of these basic concepts, we discover that a debtor who is illiquid is a debtor who is temporarily unable to pay his or her debts, whereas the insolvent debtor is permanently unable to pay his or her debts. Time is thus an element in the concepts. A problem of invisibility arises with regard to solvency/insolvency because the solvency or insolvency of business enterprises is not apparent in traditional financial statements, even though such state ments claim to give a "true and fair view." Consequently, traditional financial statements are worthless as a means of describing the financial position of business enterprises."(Kirdegaard, 1997, p.39) Using the time value of money approach, the total first class airline tickets bought at $.1,300 less the flier discount of $200 would translated to the following data below. The total tickets from year 1 to year 10 is $2,807,200 as indicated in the above computation. The present value of the $2,807,200 is $1,917,843. This is computed because the company has entered into a ten year contract with the airline company resulting to a flier discount. The difference between the cost and present value is $889,357.04 or thirty two percent (32) of the cost of ten year contract tickets. This is the amount that the company will save if this alternative is chosen(Ross, 1996;p179-206). Year 1 2 3 4 5 Flights per year 50 53 56 59 62 at 4 persons per flight 200 212 224 236 248 First Class $1,100 220,000 233,200 246,400 259,600 272,800 Year 6 7 8 9 10 Flights per year 65 68 71 75 79 at 4 persons per flight 260 272 284 300 316 First Class $1,100 286,000 299,200 312,400 330,000 347,600 Alternative 2 PV factor Cost2,500,000.00Present Value10 payments 14% 250,000 x 5.2161 = 1,304,025.00Present Value 325,000 x 0.2697 (87,652.50) Difference1,195,975.000.48Using the time value of money approach, the present value of the ten year installment payments amounting to $250,000 is $ 1,304,025. Also, the present value of the scrap value when the airplane will lose its flying use and will be sold is $ 87,652.50 which is deducted from the present value of the airplane purchase. The difference between the cost and the present value where the $2,500,000 is paid in ten equal annual installments is $1,195,975. This can

Income Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Income Inequality - Essay Example en noble countries are among the richest in the world, the figure of income per capita does not add up to the income distribution of the available population of individuals. This proves the income inequality serving in wealthier countries in the current world, especially, the United States and the United Kingdom countries (Beggs, 2015, Pg. 1). Income inequality within such countries is regularly disguised by the national average. This essay focuses on the growing income inequality issue in the wealthiest countries across the globe and the consequences of concealing economic inequality. Economic variation differs between civilizations, historical epochs, economic arrangements and systems. The term can denote a cross sectional distribution of income or capital at any specific era, or to the generated income and capital over lengthier phases of time. There are numerous arithmetical indices for calculating economic disparity. The commonly used methodologies include the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve, however, there are still other methods (Conferenceboard, 2015, Pg. 2). Economists have stressed that income inequality has brought about growing social problem. The economist view that the world cannot be a just and fair place for everything but too much disparity can be damaging. This is because income disparity and wealth focus can obstruct long term growth of a country’s economy. Previous economic studies contrasting disparity in economic growth had been unsatisfying, nevertheless in 2011, the International Monetary Fund economists revealed that bigger income parity, less disparity, heightened the period of countries economic growth development more as compared to while having free trade, low institutional corruption, overseas investment, or small foreign debt (Beggs, 2015, Pg 1). Nevertheless, the increase in income disparity over the past few decades, the subject was mainly overlooked. An article on The Economist post was dedicated on income inequality