Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors

It is a sad reality that most Jews researching their families will eventually discover relatives who were victims of the Holocaust. Whether youre searching for information about relatives who disappeared or were killed during the Holocaust, or want to learn whether any relatives survived the Holocaust and may have living descendants there are a number of resources available to you. Begin your venture into Holocaust research by interviewing your living family members. Try to learn the names, ages, birthplaces, and last known whereabouts of the people you would like to trace. The more information you have, the easier your search. Search the Yad Vashem Database The major archive center for the Holocaust is Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, Israel. They are a good first step for anyone looking for information on the fate of a Holocaust victim. They maintain a Central Database of Shoah Victims Names and are also attempting to document every one of the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust. These Pages of Testimony document the name, place and circumstances of death, occupation, names of family members and other information. In addition, they include information on the informations submitter, including his/her name, address and relationship to the deceased. Over three million Jewish Holocaust victims have been documented to date. These Pages of Testimony are also available online as part of the Central Database of Shoah Victims Names. The International Tracing Service As millions of Holocaust refugees scattered throughout Europe following World War II, a common collection point was created for information about Holocaust victims and survivors. This information repository evolved into the International Tracing Service (ITS). To this day, information on Holocaust victims and survivors is still collected and disseminated by this organization, now a part of the Red Cross. They maintain an index of information relating to more than 14 people affected by the Holocaust. The best way to request information through this service is to contact the Red Cross in your country. In the United States, the Red Cross maintains the Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Center as a service for U.S. residents. Yizkor Books Groups of Holocaust survivors and friends and relatives of Holocaust victims created Yiskor books, or Holocaust memorial books, to memorialize the community in which they once lived. These groups of individuals, known as landsmanshaftn, were generally comprised of former residents of a particular town. Yizkor books are written and compiled by these ordinary people to convey the culture and feeling of their life before the Holocaust, and to remember the families and individuals of their hometown. The usefulness of the content for family history research varies, but most Yizkor books contain information on the history of the town, along with names and family relationships. You may also find lists of Holocaust victims, personal narratives, photographs, maps and drawings. Almost all include a separate Yizkor section, with memorial notices remembering and commemorating individuals and families lost during the war. Most Yizkor books are written in Hebrew or Yiddish. Online resources for Yizkor books include: JewishGen Yizkor Book Project - A database of Yizkor books with information on the library that holds each book, a searchable necrology index, and translations submitted by volunteers. NY Public Library - Yizkor Books Online - includes full digital images of 650 of the 700 postwar yizkor books in the collection of The York Public Library. Connect with Living Survivors A variety of registries can be found online which help connect Holocaust survivors and the descendants of Holocaust survivors. JewishGen Holocaust Global Registry - This registry provides a central place for anyone searching Holocaust survivors, and includes the names of survivors and their family members from all over the globe. Dont miss the heartwarming success stories submitted by users of the registry! Registry of Holocaust Survivors - The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. maintains an updated, computerized Registry of survivors. Holocaust Testimonies The Holocaust is one of the most documented events in world history, and much can be learned from reading the stories of the survivors. A number of Web sites include stories, videos and other first-hand accounts of the Holocaust. Voices of the Holocaust -This documentary project by the Illinois Institute of Technology includes first-hand accounts of the Holocaust collected by Dr. David Boder in 1946. Testimonies of the Holocaust - The USC Shoah Foundation Institute interviewed and collected testimonies from nearly 52,000 Holocaust survivors and other witnesses. The Testimony Catalog is available online and on CD-ROM, although names are omitted from the online version for privacy reasons. The catalog includes basic biographical info only, including city and country of birth, religious identity and wartime experiences. The actual videos and other data are maintained in the archives.Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies - A collection of over 4,300 videotaped interviews with witnesses and survivors of the Holocaust. Part of Yale Universitys department of Manuscripts and Archives. The video interviews are not available online, but you can view several brief testimony excerpts. For further, more detailed information on researching the people of the Holocaust, I highly recommend the book How to Document Victims and Locate Survivors of the Holocaust by Gary Mokotoff. Many of the essential how to portions of the book have been placed online by the publisher, Avotaynu, and the full book can also be ordered through them.

Essay about Comparison of Two Advertisements - 719 Words

Comparison of Two Advertisements First of all, I will look at the history of advertising. Most historians believe that the first adverts were signs hung above shop doors in Babylon, now Iraq. This was as early as 3000 B.C. Many people could not read, so these early adverts were often symbols, for example a boot indicated a shoemakers shop. The first mass advertisement in Britain was in about 1472, after Johannes Gutenburg had invented movable type. It was a poster advertising the sale of a book, and was stuck to church doors. Many early adverts also told little truth. For example adverts for non-prescription drugs often told of cures for many ailments, falsely. With the rise of television and†¦show more content†¦Its purpose is to persuade you to rent a car from their company, and is aimed at businessmen. The advert is mainly text, however there is one large picture at the top of a car with a man by it. There is also a smaller logo in the bottom left of the ad. At the top there is a big head-line which is a slogan saying: Men who are going places use Hertz! This is quite prominent and is what you notice as soon as you look at the advert. The way this advert persuades us is to impact the thought of Hertz being an easy and efficient company to use. This idea of easiness is used throughout the advert and from the moment we see it its obvious. quick, easy, low-costà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, as easy as A B C. These are just some of the slogans used in the advert. There is also a small picture of some building blocks, to give the effect of easiness once more. The picture of a man says something about the period. At that time women were still thought of as housewives and werent expected to need a car to travel about far, so in this advert all of the language is about the men. Many men have found Hertzà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, men who are going placesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The language used in the advert is mainly quite informal, however in the small-print part, the language is formal. There is a large use of hyphens and compound words, trying to persuade you about theShow MoreRelatedComparison of Two Advertisements1815 Words   |  8 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements The Oxford dictionary definition of ‘advertise’ is: â€Å"To promote (goods or services) publicly to increase sales.† But is it more than that? I think that the meaning of advertising is forever changing, as the consumer becomes more demanding and the producer becomes more ‘devious’ in the ways they promote the product they are trying to sell. Now, I believe that advertising means: trying to sell products to people whether or not they set out to buy them in the firstRead MoreA Comparison Of Two Advertisements890 Words   |  4 Pagesare exposed to on average over 5,000 advertisements a day. (Sheree) If that number seems high to you, just take a moment to think about how many times a day you see someone with Nike clothes on, or someone eating McDonalds for lunch. That’s all advertisements. Other countries have advertisements as well, but people from other countries find different things appealing in a product than someone from the United States . You can still see similarities in advertisements even though there are distinct differencesRead MoreA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements I have looked at 2 advertisements, one is from Sugar magazine and the other from Style magazine. The advertisement from Sugar, is for LOreal Paris Colour Pulse Hair Dye; the advertisement from Style is for Clinique Autumn 2004 close up on lips: modern metallics. All advertisements are aimed at specific target audiences and as such require different ideas, linguistic devices and presentational features to attract them. TheRead MoreA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay2102 Words   |  9 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements I am going to compare two advertisements which I took from the magazine Marie Claire. Marie Claires target audience is young, sophisticated women, aged 18-30s. In the magazine, there is lots about fashion, beauty, relationships and general womens issues. I have chosen two different advertisements to compare. Both advertisements have very different, effective persuasive techniques which I am going to discuss. I am going toRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Two Advertisements1239 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements Advertising is a tool used by businesses to inform us about their products and to persuade us to buy them. Advertisements are all around us: on billboards, in magazines, in newspapers, on the Internet, on airplanes, in shop windows, on posters and banners, on leaflets and so on. Advertisements attempt to persuade the subconscious that our lives would be improved if we bought the product on offer. Advertisements affect our livesRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of Two Television Advertisements1065 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Television Advertisements Television is the most important medium for advertising, and advertising is a vital component of traditional TV business models. It has always been difficult to assess the benefits of TV advertising as advertisers have traditionally had only a vague idea of who may have seen a particular advert and the actual impact on them. However, they can try and target an audience specifically e.g. time, channel of advert, etc. MostRead MoreA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay examples1129 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements Advertising is a way of publicizing a product that you want to sell. There are many of different things to advertise, such as clothes, shoes, cars, watches etc. Advertising promotes the latest goods that are out in the shops. Advertising effects me everyday because every time I see a advertisement it attracts me to the product and I think about buying it or saving up to buy it. In this assignment, I will be talking about two differentRead MoreA Comparison of Two Print Advertisements Essay2065 Words   |  9 PagesA Comparison of Two Print Advertisements For this advertisement I will be analyzing and comparing two recent advertisements selling similar products from the same company. They are both advertising Nokia mobile phones. The first advertisement I shall be analyzing appeared in November 2004 from a Campus a popular university newspaper. The commercial that I will be comparing the first one to, comes from a business magazine entitled Arabian Business and appeared in DecemberRead MoreAdvertising Analysis : The Pepsi Advertisement Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Essay Advertisements are among the most popular forms of media an ordinary person can consume. Due to their high prominence in consumers’ lives, brand competition through visual advertisements stands as no foreign matter to the majority of large companies. PepsiCo remain no strangers to commercial competition due to their flagship brand of soft drink: Pepsi. However, PepsiCo harbors a longstanding conflict in the soft drink market with rival product Coca-Cola. Logically, the conflict betweenRead MoreAdvertising Of The Same Media863 Words   |  4 PagesComparisons between advertisements of the same media take a specific skill, eye, and intellect to make these comparisons and contrasts. Comparisons can include the imagery, copy, and the campaign, these are up to debate for the viewer, to one an advertisement can be provocative, but to another the advertisement can simply be a form of bandwagon. Calvin Klein and Versace have two internet advertisements that I believe them to both be provocative in their own special ways, but share a form of bandwagon

Pride and Prejudice (453 words) Essay Example For Students

Pride and Prejudice (453 words) Essay In fact, Pride and Prejudice was originally entitled First Impressions. However, the novel is not only about first impressions. Although we can find the first impressions about the characters through the first few chapters, this book shows us the effects of those impressions on the individual charactersprejudices of the characters. The story almost evenly describes the defects of Fitzwilliam Darcy who show pride at the beginning of the novel; he speaks carelessly and insultingly to Elizabeth Bennet, and George Wickham who deceives others on purpose and conceals his truthless character. Elizabeth misunderstood both of them at first because of her prejudice. At first I have assumed that the title of this novel alludes clearly to Darcys pride and Elizabeths prejudice. I also thought that the novel tells how Darcy and Elizabath overcome their pride and prejudice. However, I realize that this over simplifies the authors purpose. We can certainly see that Elizabeth has pride as much as Darcy has. She is proud of her intelligence, comprehension and independence. Actually, Darcys pride disappears quite a bit early in this novel. By chapter 6, he is starting to change his attitudes towards her. He is humbling himself to be close to her. This shows Darcys change: But no sooner had he made it to clear to himself and his friends that she had hardly a good feature in her face, than he began to find it was rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eye (16 page) He began to wish to know more of her, and as a step towards conversing with her himself, attended to her conversation with others. From this point, Darcys prejudice against Elizabeth begins to fade while her prejudice towards him still remains because he refused to dance with her at the ball. Her prejudice spreads throughout the book, and that prejudice is an outcome of her wounded pride. The main subject of this novel is courtship and marriage. Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, shows and indirectly criticizes the 18th century Englands rural society and the pride of high class through several peoples marriages who are in different social position. Although the novel talks about the marriage and courtship, its main focus is on pride and prejudice that complicates marriage and courtship. This difficulty is apparant in Darcy and Elizabeths relationship. Elizabeth refuses to take Darcys hand in marriage at first because she still has her prejudice towards Darcy. The happy ending of this novel suits the novel because it stresses the point that pride and prejudice can be overcome. Hence, nothing in Austins novel is pointless or distracting from the main themepride and prejudice

WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce Which eCommerce Platform Is Best

WooCommerce has long been  the go-to eCommerce solution for WordPress users. Its lightweight, full of customization options, and supportive of big and small sites. Squarespace Commerce, on the other hand, is heralded for its stunning themes and ease of use. Since theyre both popular eCommerce platforms, its time to pit WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce to see which comes out on top.Squarespace is one of the younger companies in the eCommerce game, seeing  as how it began as a basic website builder and eventually expanded into online stores. WooCommerce, on the other hand, has been a top dog for quite some time. Not only does it dominate the WordPress eCommerce market, its also the most popular overall eCommerce solution.The point of this article is to help you make an informed decision about your online  store platform. Both WooCommerce and Squarespace have respectable features and certain advantages over the other. Youll find that pricing is not the only story here. Squaresp ace offers a great experience for beginners, while WooCommerce has what you need for a fast-growing eCommerce business.Therefore, our goal is to compare WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce so you have the facts you need to make a decision  for your specific site. WooCommerce serves as a plugin that turns any WordPress site into a full eCommerce store. Its great for growing a brand and customizing every aspect of your store.Squarespace is a sleek website builder known for its world-class templates. The Commerce plan adds basic, yet intuitive eCommerce functionality, great for small and mid-sized businesses.Pitting WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: The featuresWooCommerce vs Squarespace CommerceWooCommerceSquarespace CommerceIts a completely free eCommerce WordPress plugin.Two eCommerce plans are available, one for $26 per month and another for $40 per month.Requires you to find and pay for your own web host, domain name, theme, and potential plugins.Each eCommerce plan provides hosting, along with a template library. Domains are given for free with an annual purchase.Sell unlimited products.Sell unlimited products.The design options are endless, with thousands of theme developers in the WordPress community and full control with the WordPress customizer and site files.It has a decent collection of themes made in-house. The themes are beautiful and the features respectable, but youre stuck with what is given.WooCommerce extensions and general WordPress plugins expand your development possibilities.All provided features are built-in. No apps, plugins, or extensions are offered.It comes with basic security features, but youll need to find your own SSL certificate (or choose a host that offers that feature built-in).Basic security and SSL certificates are included with your purchase.The setup is simple enough and the user-experience excellent for those familiar with WordPress. Even beginners should be able to get the hang of it.Squarespace provides a solid eCom merce solution in one package, making it easy for beginners, but a little less than what experienced developers want.It might be easy for some to make a choice based on a simple chart, but quite often thats not the case. Lets dig a little deeper into the feature differencesWooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: PricingWooCommerce starts out strong with the free plugin. Thats right, it doesnt cost you a dime to download the WooCommerce plugin and install it on your WordPress site. This means you receive some of the most powerful inventory management and store design tools on the market, all for free.However, its not an entirely  free ride.Sure, WordPress is free, but you need a self-hosted WordPress site to run WooCommerce. Therefore, you might end up spending anywhere from $5 to $100 per month. This pricing gets even higher when youre working on a huge site.That said, I would budget around $5 to $25 per month for a startup online store.Other than that, you most likely want a WooComm erce theme. Thatll run you anywhere from $40 to $100 (one-time payment).Domains typically only cost around $10 per year, and some WordPress plugins are either free or inexpensive.What that being said, the cost for premium WooCommerce plugins can quickly start to add up. And if you want to keep those plugins updated, youll need to pay a renewal fee every year.How does Squarespace Commerce compare?One thing is for sure: Squarespace pricing is much easier to understand. However, the first online store plan, called the Basic Plan, goes for $26 per month (billed annually).If youd like support for customer abandoned cart recovery, real-time carrier shipping, automatic discounts, and gift cards, the $40 per month Advanced plan is required.The winner: WooCommerceIts possible, though unlikely, to run a WooCommerce site for as little as $5 per month. That would be on the very low end for a small site, but even if you also pay for a theme and some premium extensions, its still possible to come in cheaper than Squarespace depending on your needs.Squarespace is potentially pricier than a basic WooCommerce store, but also more predictable.WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: Skill levelEvaluating who might enjoy WooCommerce is an interesting task. Advanced and intermediate developers love WordPress for its control and customization options.Some complete beginners might be intimidated by the WordPress/WooCommerce interface and the process of setting up hosting. However, WordPress has so many training resources online that its quite simple to learn.Squarespace can be used by anyone. Theres a good chance that skilled developers have no interest in the somewhat limited Squarespace Commerce features, but its a beginners dream. Overall, you cant beat Squarespace if youre trying to launch a beautiful site fast.The Winner: SquarespaceI like Squarespace for beginners and intermediate users who arent interested in finding their own hosting and themes. However, many developers scoff a t the idea of making an online store on the platform.WordPress might seem a bit scary at first, but a little practice makes it accessible for beginners and advanced users alike.But in terms of overall ease of use, anyone can understand Squarespace Commerce to make a site.WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: ThemesThis is one of those categories where its tough to beat out Squarespace. The entire brand has been built on making the most elegant, modern themes out there.However, WordPress and WooCommerce themes are so plentiful. You have thousands of options to choose from, so its a close race.However, Squarespace cuts down the selection process and ensures that your themes are both beautiful and functional. WordPress users know that you can find some powerful themes, but its also easy to pay for a bad one.The winner: WooCommerceReputable WooCommerce themes are much more powerful than the themes on Squarespace.However, I still think Squarespace has awesome themes. If youre looking for theme quantity, WooCommerce wins without a question, though.WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: Extensions and pluginsSince its part of the WordPress ecosystem, WooCommerce integrates with WordPress plugins. So, if you want an SEO plugin, go with Yoast. If you need a caching plugin, grab WP Super Cache. Looking for a contact form? Contact Form 7 has you covered.Not only that, but WooCommerce offers its own marketplace of extensions from approved third-party developers (as well as some plugins straight from WooCommerce).Some of them include WooCommerce Subscriptions, WooCommerce Google Analytics, Product Search, Product Add-ons, and many more.Squarespace doesnt have any plugins or extensions. Each feature is built-in. Although you still get most required eCommerce tools, (like gift cards, abandoned carts, and email marketing), advanced tools are lacking.The winner: WooCommerceThis category is a no-brainer WooCommerce has plugins and extensions, while Squarespace does not.WooCommerc e vs Squarespace Commerce: Product managementWooCommerce streamlines product management with beautiful product pages and an interactive list for inventory. Both digital and physical products are supported and you can incorporate things like product add-ons and variants.The Squarespace product creation module has a wonderful design, allowing you to understand your inventory and create attractive product pages. Create variants and SKUs, and sell both digital and physical products.The winner: Tie for most usersI personally prefer the product creation page on Squarespace, but thats because its so easy to understand. If youre just selling basic products, the product management features are fairly similar between the platforms.However, for shops with more unique products, or shops with lots of variants, WooCommerces flexibility is going to be a much better fit. For example, Squarespace imposes a 100 SKU limit on product variants, while WooCommerce has no hard limit on variations. Addition ally, WooCommerce lets you do more interesting things, like create completely customizable products (you can see an example of this flexibility at Qà ¼ero Handmade Shoes).Who wins the WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce battle?For eCommerce stores that need flexibility and adaptability, the plugins and customization options make it difficult to stray away from WooCommerce.However, Squarespace still has a place in the eCommerce world, seeing as how many companies will find that they enjoy the everything is included approach with hosting, domains names, and themes packaged in.Many small businesses will also prefer Squarespace because of the easy site-building and awesome themes.If you have any questions about this comparison, let us know in the comments below. @WooCommerce is better than @Squarespace for shops that need flexibility. Here's why

No silver bullet essays

No silver bullet essays The objectives of this essay are to examine whether or not Brooks original scepticism that no single new development in the next ten years would give software developers an order-of-magnitude improvement in productivity, reliability, or simplicity and ...future progress depends upon addressing the data are reversible. We will discuss Brooks original thoughts and we will try to give alternative solutions (if any). This essay, in general, accepts Brooks thoughts as he worked on OS/360 one of the most known, for their size, software projects. Before we discuss what Fred Brooks is arguing, we ought to refer to the differences between software engineering and programming. These two concepts are, in fact, totally different. On one hand, programming is primarily a personal activity while on the other hand software engineering is essentially a team activity. In other words, a software engineering team, which is working on a project, may consist of many programmers. On the contrary, a programmer writes a complete program while a software engineer writes a software component that will be combined with components written by other software engineers to build a system. Furthermore, the component one writes may be modified by others in the software engineering team and it may also be used by others to build different versions of the system long after one has left the project. Finally, we must say that programming is just one aspect of software development. Most of the projects, including software projects, are usually running out of time, the budget limit is much higher than it was prearranged and also the delivered product is not remarkable. For that reason, before a project is implemented its objectives, scope and deliverables should be addressed and defined. It is very important to have a clear understanding of what you are going to build and the most important thing is to build it on time. At this...

50 Words or Less

50 Words or Less 50 Words or Less 50 Words or Less By Maeve Maddox In a recent post I have the following sentence: Conveying a coherent report in 50 words or less is quite a feat, and the writers in my paper usually do an amazingly good job of it. Several readers wrote to ask if I shouldn’t have written â€Å"50 words or fewer.† I appreciate readers who gently point out my errors so that I can have them corrected before too many more people see them. In the case of â€Å"50 words or less,† however, I’m on solid ground. The distinction between less and fewer when used to qualify nouns was codified in the 18th century. Fewer is used to qualify countable nouns: Channel 10 runs fewer commercials than Channel 5. Fewer people are in touch with Nature these days. Less is used to qualify uncountable nouns: She loves her new job, but she is earning less money. With the new standards, children may read less literature in school. There are exceptions to this rule. Less is used to describe units, such as time, money, and distance: I’ve spent less than two hours on my homework today. We owe less than $1,000 on the car. Our new house is located less than three miles from the school. When the relevant â€Å"items† (e.g., hours, dollars, miles) are seen as a unit and not as individual items, less is the word to use. A few years ago the UK store chain TESCO, overwhelmed by grammar sticklers, changed its express lane signs from â€Å"10 items or less† to â€Å"Up to 10 items.† According to Pocket Fowler’s Modern English Usage (Oxford, 2008), they needn’t have done so: Supermarket checkouts are correct when the signs they display read 5 items or less (which refers to a total amount), and are misguidedly pedantic when they read 5 items or fewer (which emphasizes individuality, surely not the intention). The usage â€Å"50 words or less† falls into the same category as the check-out sign. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous7 Proofreading Steps

What would you do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What would you do - Essay Example A friend had advised me that he had on occasion included a line item into his budget called a â€Å"Radio† item that would in essence make a lot of noise and attract attention but could be "unplugged" easily. He said that after the council focused all its attention on that item and it was finally removed, everything else would be approved with little question. The initial dilemma revolves around whether or not I would use some sort of ‘smoke and mirrors’ strategy to pass a budget that I personally believe to be sound. Or do I prepare a budget to the best of my ability and let it come under exceptional scrutiny. What this translates to is that I could examine this scenario from either an egoist perspective in which I would act in accordance with what I personally believe is in my own self interest or if I should view this situation under a utilitarian perspective in which I should choose the solution that brings the greatest good to the greatest number of people. There are a number of externalities to consider in this situation. One major concern is the decision making process of the town council. If it is the case that they are reasonable decision makers than it would be that I would possibly act differently if they are a group of vindictive or corrupt people. Secondly, special consideration must be made on the special conditions or items that I am placing in my own budget. For example, there may be a budget requirement that I believe is necessary for the effective running of a government bureau. If it is unlikely that a council will approve of this budgetary requirement, I may be persuaded to use some underhanded methods (Such as utilizing aggressive sales tactics) to educate the council of the benefits of this line item. Special consideration must be afforded to the idea that there may be some regulatory board that oversees my actions and if I were to use a ‘Radio’ tactic it may be that there are some serious legal ramifications that

Competitive Advantage Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Competitive Advantage - Assignment Example Barnes & Noble has the greatest product variety in the industry in both books and e-books. Due to the size of the company the firm is in a better position to offer lower prices. The company is able to lower costs in its purchases because the company achieves economies of scale. Small scale bookstores have to become more proactive in their operational and marketing efforts in order to compete with Barnes & Nobles. A way for a small bookstore to differentiate itself is by providing superior customer service. Special services such as ordering any book the customer wants even if the company does not make its normal profit is an effective way to increase customer retention. Another way to boost the business of a small bookstore is by designing a good website that offers the entire inventory of books available at the store. The use of cellular advertising is one of the hottest marketing channels of

Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

Critical Lens Essay In Optimism, published in 1903, Helen Keller states Although the world is full of suffering it is also full of the overcoming of it. By this she means that eventhough there is a lot of obstacles in life, there are people that have the power to move past them. I disagree with this statement. One work of literature that help disprove Helen Kellers statement is the epic tragedy, Macbeth, by William Shakespeare. Another work of literature that disproves the statement is The Monkeys Paw by W. W. Jacobs. Both of these works use different literary elements to disprove the statement. In the epic tragedy Macbeth the author, William Shakespeare, uses symbolism to show that the world is full of suffering and sorrow. One example is when Lady Macbeth cries, â€Å"Out, damned spot; out, I say . . . who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?† in her sleep. The spots of blood Lady Macbeth dreamed she saw on her hands were symbolizing the guilt that she had for killing King Duncan. Another example of symbolism in Macbeth is when Macbeth says â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?†. Macbeth is feeling guilty because of all the live he has taken and all the lies he has told. These example help to show that the world is a place full of suffering. In the twisted short story, The Monkeys Paw by W.W. Jacobs, the author uses irony to show that the world is full of evil and suffering. One example of irony in the short story is when Mr. and Mrs. White need money, so they make a wish with the paw for 200 pounds. They wait the next morning after their son, Herbert, goes to work for the money to show up. Later in the afternoon, a fancily dressed man pays a visit to the family saying that their son has died in a machinery accident. He then pays them 200 pounds for their loss. Another example of irony is when they wish for Herbert to come back to life. Herbert came back to life, but he was all destroyed from the machinery accident. Mr. and Mrs. White were terrified, Mr. White made a wish. They opened the door, and the road was empty. This short story shows that the world is evil and twisted. In conclusion, the world is a cruel place. Ms. Helen Kellers statement was disproved by the multiple examples provided. Macbeth killed many people trying to keep the secret of killing King Duncan. The White family was put through suffering: by having their son dead, having to see the torn body of their loved one, seeing the undead Herbert show up at their home, and living the rest of their lives kowing it was their fault Herbert died.

Biometric Systems :: Essays Papers

Biometric Systems As defined in Computer Security Basics by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Biometrics is the use of a persons unique physiological, behavioral, and morphological characteristics to provide positive personal identification. Biometric systems that are currently avaiable today examine fingerprints, handprints, and retina patterns. Systems that are close to biometrics but are not classified as such are behavioral systems such as voice, signature and keystroke systems. They test patterns of behavior not parts of the body. It seems that in the world of biometrics that the more effective the device, the less willing people will be to accept it. Retina pattern devices are the most reliable but most people hate the idea of a laser shooting into their eye. Yet something such as monitoring keystroke patters people don't mind, but it's not nearly as effective. Biometric verification is forecast to be a multibillion dollar market in this decade. There is no doubt that financial credit and debit cards are going to be the biggest part of the biometric market. There are also many significant niche markets which are growing rapidly. For example, biometric identification cards are being used at a university in Georgia to allow students to get their meals, and in a Maryland day care center to ensure that the right person picks up the right child. In Los Angeles, they are using fingerprints to stop welfare fraud. And they're also being used by frequent business travellers for rapid transit through immigration and customs in Holland, and now at JFK and Newark airports in the United States. It could also be used to simply prevent one employee from "punching in" for some one else, or to prevent someone from opening up an account at a bank using a false name. Then there is also the security access market, access to computer databases, to premises and a variety of other areas. The Sentry program made by Fingerprint Technologies uses several devices at once. The system first prompts for a user name and password. Then they must have their fingerprint scan match what is on record. They can also use a video camera for real time video to capture photographs which can be incorporated into the data base. The time to scan and gain entrance to the building take from 6 to 10 seconds depending on what other information the operator wishes the user

IB Chemistry Lab Design †compare the effect of temperature on the concentrations of Vitamin C and Vitamin A in solution Essay

Research Question: To compare the effect of temperature on the concentrations of Vitamin C and Vitamin A in solution. Background Information: Many researchers claim that the vitamin content in the food we eat decreases as we cook the food, since it is being exposed to high temperatures. This really intrigued me since cooking is one of my hobbies, and I always try and check the nutritional value of meals that I cook. With this in mind, it was quintessential for me to see for myself if these claims hold true. To narrow the scope of the investigation, I chose Vitamins A and C to do this study upon. The claims state that the enzyme in whose form Vitamin C is found, gets denatured (or oxidised) at temperatures over 70Â °C as well as at low temperatures, in the freezer. Also, studies claim that Vitamin A (in the form of retinol) gets oxidised at high temperatures, during cooking. Once these vitamins get oxidised, they are lost to us. This investigation will compare the effects of high temperature on Vitamin A and Vitamin C solutions. http://chemmovies.unl.edu/chemistry/smallscale/SSGifs/SS054Ascorbic.gif The ascorbic acid enzyme gets denatured at high temperatures because the tertiary structure of the protein, which the enzyme is made up of, unravels, causing the active site of the enzyme to change in shape. This leads to the substrate being unable to fit into the active site, and we say that the enzyme is denatured. This denaturing can take place at extremes of pH too.The Vitamin A (retinol) gets oxidised because, at high temperatures, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form a carboxylic acid (retinoic acid). In the laboratory, ascorbic acid found in fruits and vegetables can be simulated by adding ascorbic acid crystals to water, to form a mildly acidic solution. This solution can also be used as the standard solution during titration to find concentration of ascorbic acid. To simulate Vitamin A, we can simply add retinol to water to form a standard solution. Hypothesis: At higher temperatures, both the concentration of Vitamin C and Vitamin A can be expected to decrease. However, I expect the decrease to be greater in the case of the Vitamin C solution since (having protein-like properties) it is more sensitive to extremes of temperature. Also, the alcohol retinol has a high boiling point, so I believe that it will be more resistant to oxidation too. Variables: Independent Variable Why and How it is Changed Temperature to which the Vitamin C/A solution is heated The factor whose effect is being studied on the concentration of Vitamin C/A in a solution is the temperature the solution is heated to. Therefore, the temperature is the independent variable. In order to change the temperature, equal quantities of the same Vitamin C/A solution are heated to different temperatures. The different temperatures taken are – 30Â °C, 50Â °C, 70Â °C and 90Â °C. As a control, one solution is placed at room temperature. A thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the solution. Investigation at each temperature will be repeated 3 times, to ensure reliability. Dependent Variable Why and How it is Recorded Concentration of Vitamin C/A in solution (in mol dm-3), after exposure to temperature The effect of temperature on the concentration of Vitamin C/A in a solution is being studied, thus the concentration is the dependent variable. As the temperature moves further away from room temperature (above or below) the concentration of Vitamin C/A in the solution should decrease due to denaturing or oxidation. The concentration of Vitamin C is calculated by doing an iodine titration. A starch solution is added to a standard Vitamin C solution which is the titrant. Into this, a solution of potassium iodide and potassium iodate is titrated till a blue colour is obtained (end point). This is repeated thrice. The average volume of iodine solution used is calculated, and divided by the concentration of Vitamin C. Then, the solutions of unknown concentrations are titrated and unitary method is used to calculate their concentrations. The concentration of Vitamin A is calculated using a redox titration. This is done by making a solution of acid dichromate, potassium iodide and starch. This is titrated against a solution of sodium thiosulfate of known concentration. The volume of thiosulfate used is noted. Then, the Vitamin A solutions are added to a similar solution of dichromate, KI and starch, and titration is carried out with thiosulfate. For every 1 less mole of thiosulfate used there is 0.25 mole of alcohol in the sample (according to the chemical equations) which was tested. Controlled Variable Why and How it is Maintained pH of Vitamin solution Extremes of pH can also lead to the denaturing of enzymes, so if pH changes it will interfere with the results, potentially giving inaccurate results. Thus, the pH needs to be kept a constant. This can be done by adding a few drops of acidic buffer to the initial solution. Presence of Antioxidants Antioxidants including salts such as sodium chloride tend to ‘protect’ ascorbic acid from being oxidised, and thus their presence may lead to inaccurate results. Thus, they need to be eliminated. This can be done by using distilled water (without any salts) while preparing the solution of ascorbic acid. Head Space Present in System The ascorbic acid gets denatured because of oxidation by air. Thus, if the volume of air present in the system changes, the results will also change invariably. To prevent this, the amount of head space present in the system must be kept constant. This can be done by placing a lid on top of the beaker in which the acid solution is heated. Initial Concentration of Ascorbic Acid solution If the initial concentration of ascorbic acid in the solution is different, then the final concentration will also be affected. This can be avoided by adding the same mass of ascorbic acid to the same volume of water while preparing all the sample solutions. Volume of Ascorbic Acid solution The volume of acid solution used for each temperature and each trial should be the same since otherwise it will affect the volume of iodine solution used. Therefore, the volume has to be measured accurately using a pipette for each temperature and trial (each titration). Concentration of starch, potassium iodide and potassium iodate solutions The concentration of any of these solutions will affect the volume of solution titrated during each trial. Thus, it needs to be kept a constant. This can be done by ensuring that equal masses of these reagents are added to equal volumes of water, for all the trials. Final temperature of solution The final temperature of the solution may affect the concentration of the acid in the solution, as rapid heating and cooling can encourage oxidation. Thus, to avoid errors, the solutions will be allowed to rest till they reach room temperature, and only then will they be titrated to calculate concentration. Chemicals 1. L-ascorbic acid – 3.52 g to make 1 dm3 of 0.002 M solution of acid 1. Glucose – 50 g to add to acid solution, to simulate fruit juice 1. Potassium Iodide – 10.0 g to make 1 dm3 iodine solution 1. Potassium Iodate – 0.536 g to make 1 dm3 iodine solution 1. Starch (soluble) – 0.25 g to make 50 ml of 0.5% starch solution 1. 3.00 M Sulphuric Acid – 60 ml to add to iodine solution 1. Distilled Water – To make all the solutions and washing Other Materials 1. Weighing Scale 1. Bunsen Burner 1. Tripod Stand 1. Wire Gauze 1. Mortar and Pestle 1. Pipette Filler 1. Lid (for beaker) – 4 1. Thermometer Procedure: Preparing Ascorbic Acid Solution of concentration 0.002 M 1. Measure 3.52 g of L-ascorbic acid using the weighing scale and the weighing boat (which has to be completely dry). 1. Place the weighed crystals in the mortar and use the pestle to crush the crystals into a fine powder, to aid with dissolving it in water. 1. Place the powdered acid into a 500 ml beaker and add a little distilled water to dissolve the acid. Use the glass rod to stir. 1. Once it seems that the acid has fully dissolved, add some more water to the solution, to ensure that all the acid has actually dissolved. Then, transfer the solution into the 1000 ml standard flask using a washed funnel and the glass rod. 1. Wash the beaker with water and pour into standard flask, to remove any remaining solution. Repeat this process 3 times. 1. Wash the funnel and the glass rod, letting the water run into the standard flask. 1. Make up the solution to the 1000 ml mark. Place the stopper and mix the solution thoroughly. Transfer approximately 500 ml of this solution to the 500 ml beaker, for ease of use. Preparing the 0.5 % starch solution 1. Measure 0.25 g of starch using the weighing scale and weighing boat. 1. Bring 50 ml of distilled water nearly to a boil, and then add the measured quantity of starch powder to it. Allow to cool. Preparing the Iodine Solution 1. Measure 10.0 g of potassium iodide and 0.536 g of potassium iodate using the weighing scale and weighing boat. Transfer this to a 500 ml beaker. 1. Dissolve the solids in approximately 400 ml of distilled water. Stir using the glass rod, to aid in dissolving. Add the 60 ml of 3.00 M sulphuric acid to the solution at this point. 1. Once it seems that the solids have fully dissolved, add some more water to the solution, to ensure that all of it has actually dissolved. Then, transfer the solution into a 1000 ml standard flask, using a washed funnel and the glass rod. 1. Wash the beaker with water and pour into standard flask, to remove any remaining solution. Repeat this process 3 times. 1. Wash the funnel and the glass rod, letting the water run into the standard flask. 1. Make up the solution to the 1000 ml mark. Place the stopper and mix the solution thoroughly. Transfer approximately 500 ml of this solution to a 500 ml beaker, for ease of use. Titration Set-up and Final Steps 1. Transfer 65 ml of Vitamin C solution each into 5, 250 ml beakers. 1. Keep one of the containers in a trough containing melting ice (0Â °C). Keep one at room temperature (as a control + standard solution). Heat the other three to 30Â °C, 60Â °C and 90Â °C respectively. Ensure that all the beakers are covered with a lid during heating or cooling. 1. Wash the pipette, first using tap water and then distilled water. Rinse the pipette thoroughly with the Vitamin C solution at room temperature. 1. Use a pipette to transfer 20 ml of the Vitamin C solution, at room temperature, into a conical flask. This is the standard solution (and the control) since its concentration is known (0.002 M). 1. Add 10 drops of the starch solution to the conical flask. Swirl the contents to mix properly. 1. Wash the burette with tap water followed by distilled water. Then, rinse the burette with the iodine solution. 1. Fill the burette with iodine solution till the 0.0 ml mark. 1. Titrate the iodine solution into the conical flask, swirling the conical flask at all times. The end point is reached when a blue colour is obtained that persists even after 20 seconds of swirling. Note down the volume of iodine solution used. 1. Re-fill the burette to the 0.0 ml mark. Repeat the titration process 2 more times. Note down these two values for volume of iodine solution used as well. Calculate the average volume used. 1. Check that all the solutions that were heated (or cooled) have reached room temperature, with the help of a thermometer. 1. If they have reached room temperature, repeat the entire titration process (steps 18 – 24) with the other 4 solution (0Â °C, 30Â °C, 60Â °C and 90Â °C). Ensure that the burette is re-filled to the 0.0 ml mark after each and every titration, and that the pipette is first washed, and then rinsed with the solution that is going to be placed in the conical flask. 1. Use unitary method, to calculate the concentration of Vitamin C in each solution, after heating or cooling, using the concentration of the solution at room temperature (0.002 M) as the known value.

Deviant Behavior and Social Control Essay

Durkheim said, â€Å"We must not say that an action shocks the common conscience because it is criminal, but rather that it is criminal because it shocks the common conscience. † The strain theory by Robert K. Merton suggests that American are geared toward deviance because of a lack of legitimate options to attain the monetary goal that Americans emphasize (Tischler, p. 146). Travis Hirschi posed the control theory which focuses on the importance of the people around you to mold you into a regular lifestyle. He said that there are four main points to why someone will become deviant or not: attachment to others, commitment to conformity, involvement in conventional activities, belief in the moral validity of social rules. If someone displays these four points than they will probably be a functioning member of society. Sociologists suggest the techniques of neutralization, which are ways we will justify the deviant act to ourselves so that we are able to complete it. The five techniques are denial of responsibility, denying the injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the authorities, and appealing to higher principles of authorities. Lastly, there is the labeling theory which states that individuals will commit secondary deviant acts after the fact that they have already been deemed a deviant by society. A flaw in this theory is that it does not give reason for why the original deviant act was committed. Every theory previously posed does have legitimate facts behind why it could be the cause for deviant behavior, but no single one is completely correct. Although the mesomorphic body type may be deemed as a more aggressive person, this would not be the only reason why the person was deviant, so the biological theory cannot stand alone. The psychological theories have a lot of mental disease that makes them more prone to deviant activity, but it is also proven that these traits are overcome by a good social environment and in some cases the proper medication. Just like the psychological theories, the sociological theories are proven that the environment that one is raised or lives in is a highly important factor, but it is possible for someone in a good environment to be deviant and vice versa. 2. What types of crime exist in the Unite States? There are four main categories of crime in the United States and these crimes range from rape to robbery to embezzlement to public drunkenness. The first category of crime is violent crime which consists of acts such as murder and assault. These crimes usually come with the longest prison sentences, and the good news is that these types of crime have been on the decline over the past few years. Next we have property crime which consists of three quarters of the crime in the United States. Car theft and burglary are examples of property crimes. According to the FBI, a white-collar crime is â€Å"characterized by deceit, concealment, or a violation of trust. † Bernie Madoff, the Enron corporation, and ponzi schemes are what we consider to be white-collar crimes. Finally, we have what are called victimless crimes. These are crimes that break what is considered law, but have no direct victim. Prostitution, drug use, and DUI are all what can be considered victimless. They use the term â€Å"victimless† but the argument can be made that the victim is the person committing the crime because their actions usually harm themselves. 3. What parts of the court and prison system are effective, and what parts are ineffective? Only two out of the four major goals of prison are effective. The first of which is to separate criminals from society, is accomplished by the physical act of taking criminals off the street and putting them behind fences that are twenty feet high with barbed wire, towers with armed guards, and impenetrable buildings of brick and mortar. This is honestly the only thing that our courts succeed in doing, but when you separate them from society, you put them with fellow criminals who have new crimes to teach. The second goal that can be considered effective is that prison is a legitimate punishment for criminal behavior. For me, being in prison is a mental and physical hell because it causes you to be broken down while in a small cell with a bar door and no window and no means of escape. For others it may not be like this though, because as mentioned before in the theories of deviance, a criminal may have psychological problems where they are unable to conform and prison makes them conform so they begin to enjoy what they are unable to have on the outside. Also, most criminals peers are other criminals, so while incarcerated they do not feel completely separated from their usual world. The other two primary goals of the prison systems can be considered highly ineffective. Deterring criminal behavior is the third goal of prisons and as the statistics show, this is not commonly achieved. If prison were a good deterrent than we would not have the crime rate that we have today. If the reward of the crime is greater than what the punishment will be, a crime will be committed. The last goal of the prisons is to rehabilitate. The facts are concrete when showing that prison and the programs within have minimal success rates. My personal observations over the past two weeks concur with the facts. I would estimate that close to ninety percent of the inmates who are in here for drug and alcohol related offenses talk about getting high or drunk on the day they are released, and with fellow inmates. The inmates who are guilty of burglary or robbery and other related offenses admit that they don’t know any other way of life, and that they will continue their criminal ways when released. There will never be a perfect society in which there is no deviant behavior. There is, however, ways in which we can continue to develop a better understanding of what causes the deviant behavior and ways in which we can prevent it. The prison system is continually developing new trial programs to help addicts and alcoholics, along with incorporating programs for criminals to get started on a career path instead of a criminal path. I do not believe that these will ever be one definite answer to why one becomes deviant, but let’s hope that as future progresses the rate at which deviance occurs decreases.

How to Write in MLA Style

How to Write in MLA Style On this episode, we discuss MLA style, including what it is, who uses it in their research, some important things to remember when writing a paper in MLA format, whats new in the 8th Edition of the MLA Handbook, and how to format in-text citations and a works cited page.MLA style is often used by scholars in the humanities and the liberal arts. The humanities and the liberal arts consist of subjects like English literature, rhetoric and composition, cultural studies, and foreign language studies and literature.You will probably use MLA style if you are writing a literary analysis, a persuasive essay, a literary criticism, an expository essay, or a research paper for the humanities.In addition to these topics, we cover:A few things to remember when using MLA style, such as keeping 1-inch margins on all sides.Whats changed in the 8th Edition, for example, how MLA has been adapted for digital research.The format of in-text citations, and how they are needed if you are paraphrasing or di rectly quoting a source.How to complete a page, including how the second and subsequent lines are indented.

Whale Species That Migrate and the Distance Traveled

Whale Species That Migrate and the Distance Traveled Whales may migrate thousands of miles between breeding and feeding grounds. In this article, you can learn about how whales migrate and the longest distance a whale has migrated. About Migration Migration is the seasonal movement of animals from one place to another. Many species of whales migrate from feeding grounds to breeding grounds - some traveling long distances that may amount to thousands of miles. Some whales migrate latitudinally (north-south), some move between onshore and offshore areas, and some do both. Where Whales Migrate There are over 80 species of whales, and each has their own movement patterns, many of which are not yet fully understood. In general, whales migrate toward the colder poles in the summer and toward the more tropical waters of the equator in the winter. This pattern allows whales to take advantage of the productive feeding grounds in colder waters in the summer, and then when productivity lowers, to migrate to warmer waters and give birth to calves.   Do All Whales Migrate? All whales in a population may not migrate. For example, juvenile humpback whales may not travel as far as adults, since they are not mature enough to reproduce. They often stay in cooler waters and exploit the prey that occurs there during the winter. Some whale species with fairly well-known migration patterns include: Gray whales, which migrate between Alaska and Russia and Baja CaliforniaNorth Atlantic right whales, which appear to move between cold waters off the Northeastern US and Canada to waters off South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.Humpback whales, which move between northern feeding grounds and southern breeding grounds.  Blue whales. In the Pacific, blue whales migrate from California to Mexico and Costa Rica. What Is the Longest Whale Migration? Gray whales are thought to have the longest migrations of any marine mammal, traveling 10,000-12,000 miles round trip between their breeding grounds off Baja California to their feeding grounds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas off Alaska and Russia. A gray whale reported in 2015 broke all marine mammal migration records - she traveled from Russia to Mexico and back again. this was a distance of  13,988 miles in 172 days. Humpback whales also migrate far - one humpback was sighted off the Antarctic Peninsula in April 1986 and then resighted off Colombia in August 1986, which means it traveled over 5,100 miles. Whales are a wide-ranging species, and not all migrate as close to shore as gray whales and humpbacks. So the migration routes and distances of many whale species (the fin whale, for example) are still relatively unknown. Sources Clapham, Phil. 1999. ASK Archive: Whale Migrations (Online). Note: Accessed online October 5, 2009. As of October 17, 2011, link no longer active.Geggel, L. 2015. Gray Whale Breaks Mammal Migration Record. LiveScience. Accessed June 30, 2015.Journey North. 2009. Gray Whale Migration (Online). Accessed October 5, 2009.Mead, J.G. and J.P. Gold. 2002. Whales and Dolphins in Question. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington and London.

Capital Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Capital Budgeting - Essay Example And when we search for scientifically viable definitions of these basic concepts, we discover that a debtor who is illiquid is a debtor who is temporarily unable to pay his or her debts, whereas the insolvent debtor is permanently unable to pay his or her debts. Time is thus an element in the concepts. A problem of invisibility arises with regard to solvency/insolvency because the solvency or insolvency of business enterprises is not apparent in traditional financial statements, even though such state ments claim to give a "true and fair view." Consequently, traditional financial statements are worthless as a means of describing the financial position of business enterprises."(Kirdegaard, 1997, p.39) Using the time value of money approach, the total first class airline tickets bought at $.1,300 less the flier discount of $200 would translated to the following data below. The total tickets from year 1 to year 10 is $2,807,200 as indicated in the above computation. The present value of the $2,807,200 is $1,917,843. This is computed because the company has entered into a ten year contract with the airline company resulting to a flier discount. The difference between the cost and present value is $889,357.04 or thirty two percent (32) of the cost of ten year contract tickets. This is the amount that the company will save if this alternative is chosen(Ross, 1996;p179-206). Year 1 2 3 4 5 Flights per year 50 53 56 59 62 at 4 persons per flight 200 212 224 236 248 First Class $1,100 220,000 233,200 246,400 259,600 272,800 Year 6 7 8 9 10 Flights per year 65 68 71 75 79 at 4 persons per flight 260 272 284 300 316 First Class $1,100 286,000 299,200 312,400 330,000 347,600 Alternative 2 PV factor Cost2,500,000.00Present Value10 payments 14% 250,000 x 5.2161 = 1,304,025.00Present Value 325,000 x 0.2697 (87,652.50) Difference1,195,975.000.48Using the time value of money approach, the present value of the ten year installment payments amounting to $250,000 is $ 1,304,025. Also, the present value of the scrap value when the airplane will lose its flying use and will be sold is $ 87,652.50 which is deducted from the present value of the airplane purchase. The difference between the cost and the present value where the $2,500,000 is paid in ten equal annual installments is $1,195,975. This can

Income Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Income Inequality - Essay Example en noble countries are among the richest in the world, the figure of income per capita does not add up to the income distribution of the available population of individuals. This proves the income inequality serving in wealthier countries in the current world, especially, the United States and the United Kingdom countries (Beggs, 2015, Pg. 1). Income inequality within such countries is regularly disguised by the national average. This essay focuses on the growing income inequality issue in the wealthiest countries across the globe and the consequences of concealing economic inequality. Economic variation differs between civilizations, historical epochs, economic arrangements and systems. The term can denote a cross sectional distribution of income or capital at any specific era, or to the generated income and capital over lengthier phases of time. There are numerous arithmetical indices for calculating economic disparity. The commonly used methodologies include the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve, however, there are still other methods (Conferenceboard, 2015, Pg. 2). Economists have stressed that income inequality has brought about growing social problem. The economist view that the world cannot be a just and fair place for everything but too much disparity can be damaging. This is because income disparity and wealth focus can obstruct long term growth of a country’s economy. Previous economic studies contrasting disparity in economic growth had been unsatisfying, nevertheless in 2011, the International Monetary Fund economists revealed that bigger income parity, less disparity, heightened the period of countries economic growth development more as compared to while having free trade, low institutional corruption, overseas investment, or small foreign debt (Beggs, 2015, Pg 1). Nevertheless, the increase in income disparity over the past few decades, the subject was mainly overlooked. An article on The Economist post was dedicated on income inequality

Business patents report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business patents report - Essay Example Following suit, other companies in the software segment are beginning to analyze their innovative intellectual properties for opportunities to exploit their unique technology developments and thus gain market share. Seeking patent protection on this business’ new software will restrict market entry from other software companies looking for B2B information technology solutions market potential. The main issue with attaining a patent is the litigation risk of not performing an adequate patent clearance search to identify software in our market already holding patent protections. The recent course case involving Apple and Samsung has set a business precedent for the high financial costs of accidentally duplicating various icons or display features in the development process. However, this business can offset these risks by assigning a patent clearance team to conduct appropriate external research to ensure development does not infringe on intellectual property protections. Patent protectionism will provide for licensing in the event that the business is unable to secure high volume of market interest post-launch. It is more likely that this business will be able to attain venture capitalist interest in financial investment, which will offset development and patent clearance costs, by minimizing litigation risks or competitor replication of the

Property Prices in Sydney

Property Prices in Sydney Sydney Property Prices Executive Summary In early March 2014, the governor of Reserve Bank, Glenn Stevens, warned house owners that Sydney property prices including houses will keep rising. For this reason, he cautioned home buyers never to borrow so much debt because, like the house prices are anticipated to continue rising, they can equally fall. Foreign investors have been moving to Australia at a very high rate especially those from China. The business people increasingly buy houses in Australia particularly those at the hot Sydney market. This has caused Sydney house prices to shoot up at a very rapid rate. This rapid rise in Sydney house prices has also been caused by few homes in Australia that only leave the cashed-up foreign investors with the opportunity to purchase those that are available. This situation creates a big problem to first home buyers who do not have as much money to purchase such expensive houses. Table of Contents Executive Summary Table of Contents Introduction Sydney house prices The key stakeholders that are impacted by the rise in Sydney house prices Economic theories Other relevant issues in the article Conclusion References Appendices Introduction Since 1983, house prices in Sydney have been increasing and this trend has been constant for over thirty years. The rapid rise in Sydney house prices is contributed by an increase in house demand by foreign buyers, as well as the low supply of houses in Australia. The purpose of this report is to present the causes and impacts of the rapid rise in Sydney house prices, and to provide possible solutions to the problem. The report begins by analyzing the present situation in Sydney as far as house prices are concerned, including major contributors and possible impacts. This is followed by description of the stakeholders that may be impacted by the rise in Sydney house prices. The report also explains the present problem in Sydney in terms of economic theory and concepts of demand and supply. The last section of the report focuses on possible solutions to the rapid rise in Sydney house prices. Sydney house prices Sydney house prices have rapidly increased over the recent past. Home buyers increasingly move to Australia to look for new homes for residential purposes and for investment. The rapid increase in prices is attributed to an increase in demand for Australian real estate from foreign buyers that have resulted into several bidders quoting very huge prices (Macken 2014). Home owners have raised house prices in Sydney because foreign investors, especially from China, increasingly buy local homes. These foreign investors are attracted to Australia by the Australian significant investor visa. The significant investor visa attracts prominent investors and business people to Australia and increase innovation and economic growth (Nicholls and Macken, 2014). Additionally, the Canadian government has cut its Federal Immigrant Investor Program and the recent change in the Canadian Visa scheme is expected to attract even more investors and business people to Sydney (Macken 2014). Australian houses are also expensive because of low supply of the stuff (Nicholls and Macken, 2014). Many Australian families increasingly buy new residential homes resulting into the rapid increase in house prices. This form of demand is driven by education as well as lifestyle. Highly educated people believe that they should stay in executive homes. They are therefore attracted to purchase such homes that are available in Sydney at high prices. Again, many Australian men point out that they want quality lives for their wives and families and since price is equated to quality, they end up buying Sydney houses at high prices which keeps these prices high. Foreign investors from China are likely to keep Sydney house prices high as they move to establish industries in Australia concerning the fact that China has strict policy against pollution (Macken 2014). It is anticipated that a consistent rise in Sydney house prices will soon render new home buyers homeless because they will not be able to cope w ith the high prices (Johnstone 2014). However, the Reserve Bank brings back hope to such people by stating that Sydney house prices are likely to fall in the near future due to low interest rates that have encouraged Australians to build new homes (Hutchens 2014). The key stakeholders that are impacted by the rise in Sydney house prices The rapid rise in Sydney house prices may impact a number of stakeholders including home owners, upgraders, foreign investors, local investors, first home buyers, second home buyers, the society and the Australian government. Home owners will have to increase the quality of their houses and build them in different architectural designs to attract home buyers. In addition, the rapid increase in Sydney house prices will compel home owners to consider building varieties of executive houses suited for investment and residential purposes (Macken 2014). As more and more foreign investors come to Australia, the upgraders will want to sell off their present houses in order to build new ones that will meet the current demands of families and businesses (Nicholls and Macken, 2014). Foreign investors are likely to be impacted by the rapid rise in Sydney house prices as they will be compelled to dig deep into their pockets and give out the required amounts before they can be allowed house owners hip. Like the foreign investors, local investors will also have to pay for the houses as per the prevailing market price. Unfortunately, some local investors might not afford to pay these prices, leading to market domination by the foreign investors (Macken 2014). First home buyers are those individuals who are purchasing homes for the first time. This group of customers lacks home purchasing experience and they may not have as much money to pay for the expensive houses. Eventually, they might soon become homeless if the current situation persists. Second home buyers on the other hand have bought homes before and can easily adapt to the rapid rise in Sydney house prices. They would thus have an advantage of house ownership at the prevailing prices as opposed to first home buyers (Johnstone 2014). With many foreign investors acquiring new residences in Australia as a result of rapid rise in house prices, the Australian population will obviously increase. Increase in population is ass ociated with environmental pollution and scarcity of resources. The Australian government must therefore make a change in its policy to ensure that these foreign investors are peacefully accommodated in the country. Even though all these groups will be impacted by the rapid rise in Sydney house prices, the first home buyers will be impacted the most because they will not be able to purchase new houses if the house prices increase further (Johnstone 2014). Economic theories The two main factors causing the rapid rise in Sydney house prices are; increase in demand of houses from foreign buyers and low supply of homes. According to the law of demand, the quantity of commodity demanded decreases with increase in price and vice versa, all other factors remaining constant. This can be plotted graphically in form of a demand curve showing the relationship between price and quantity demanded of a product (Sakovics and Steiner, 2012). Supply curve is a graphical representation of the quantity of goods that suppliers are willing to bring to the market at the prevailing market prices, with all other factors remaining constant. The point of intersection of demand and supply curves is the equilibrium price and quantity (Liu and Agbola, 2014). All these three relationships are shown in figure 1. Other factors such as changes in consumer tastes and preferences can cause a shift in demand curve thereby changing the price of a particular commodity (Liu and Agbola, 2014 ). From the media report, an increase in demand for executive houses is Sydney is derived from the increase in number of foreign investors, education and lifestyle (Macken 2014). These factors cause a positive shift in the demand curve where the demand curve shifts to the right (Liu and Agbola, 2014). This shift generally causes an increase in house prices as presented in figure 2 in the appendices section. At the same time, there is low supply of houses in Sydney causing the rise in house prices (Nicholls and Macken, 2014). This causes the supply curve to shift to the left as shown in figure 3. These shifts in demand and supply curves contribute to the high house prices in Sydney. Other relevant issues in the article The fact that first home buyers are the stakeholders that are likely to be impacted the most with the rapid rise in prices of Sydney houses, I would ensure that they are not disadvantaged through abolishment of stamp duty for first home buyers and reintroduction of first home buyers incentives for houses. This will give first home buyers the opportunity to meet the expenses of purchasing new homes. In addition, I would encourage first home buyers to form partnerships and share mortgage costs. This is cheaper because those involved in the partnerships can formulate policies that govern their practice. They can also extend these houses and lease the extra portions to others who will in the process assist them in meeting costs (Johnstone 2014). Other alternate actions that can be taken to solve the economic problem in Sydney include building of more homes to increase their availability to foreign investors and Australian residents. Building more homes will mean an increase in supply of homes (Hutchens 2014). This will cause the supply curve to shift to the right thereby lowering the house prices as shown in figure 4. Conclusion In conclusion, both local and foreign home buyers in Sydney are faced with the challenge of rapidly rising house prices. The current trend observed in Sydney house prices occurs as result of scarcity of houses and the increasing demand from foreign buyers. If these prices continue to rise over the coming years, first home buyers will be rendered homeless as they will not be able to afford houses in Sydney. The increase in demand as well as low supply of houses cause a shift in the demand and supply curves respectively, which causes prices to rise. First home owners can acquire houses at the prevailing prices through formation of partnerships. Additionally, they can be assisted to fit in the current market through reintroduction of first home buyers’ incentives for houses. Consequently, building more homes in Sydney will increase the supply of houses and house prices will come down. References Hutchens, G 2014, ‘House Prices Can Fall Too, Warns Reserve Bank Governor Glenn Stevens,’ The Sydney Morning Gerald, March 8, also available from http://www.smh.com.au/national/house-prices-can-fall-too-warns-reserve-bank-governor-glenn-stevens-20140307-34cr5.html Johnstone, T 2014, ‘No Joy For First Timers at Auction: Upgraders Win in Lilyfield as Sydney Records Another Strong Clearance Rate of 82.5 %’, The Sydney Morning Gerald, March 8, also available from http://smh.domain.com.au/real-estate-news/no-joy-for-first-timers-at-auction-20140308-34dud.html Liu, WS Agbola, FW 2014, ‘Regional Analysis of the Impact of Inward Foreign Investment on Economic Growth in the Chinese Electronic Industry,’ Applied Economics, Vol. 1, no. 26, pp. 2576-2592. Macken, L 2014, ‘Property: Sydney Expected to Gain Foreign Buyers as Canada Closes Visa Scheme,’ The Sydney Morning Gerald, March 8, also available from http://smh.domain.com.au/real-estate-news/property-sydney-expected-to-gain-foreign-buyers-as-canada-closes-visa-scheme-20140307-34cr6.html Nicholls, S Macken, L 2014, ‘Upgraders Keep Sydney Property Market Bouyant,’ The Sydney Morning Gerald, March 8, also available from http://smh.domain.com.au/real-estate-news/upgraders-keep-sydney-property-market-buoyant-20140314-34rqe.html Sakovics, J Steiner J 2012, ‘Who Matters in Coordinating Problems? American Economic Review, Vol. 102, no. 7, pp. 3439-3461. Appendices Figure 1: Demand and Supply curve showing market equilibrium Price S PEMarket Equilibrium D QE Quantity S Supply curve PE Equilibrium price D-Demand curve QE Equilibrium quantity Figure 2- An increase in demand for houses raises the price of Sydney houses Price Supply P1 P0 D1 D0 Q0 Q1 Quantity Figure 3: A decrease in supply of houses raises the price PriceS1 S0 P1 P0 Demand Q1 Q0 Quantity Figure 4: An increase in supply by building more houses lowers the price PriceS0 S1 P0 P1 Demand Q0 Q1 Quantity 1

Religious Toleration during the Enlightenment Essay -- Enlightenment of

The Enlightenment of the 18th century evolved due to the many changes brought about by the Scientific Revolution. With all of the new scientific discoveries, new thought processes were developed. The scientists of the Scientific Revolution brought about revolutionary change. These scientists inspired the philosophes of the Enlightenment to challenge the ways of the "Old Regime" and question the ideas of the church. Philosophers such as Francois Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke published their controversial ideas and these ideas along with some important political action, helped to mold a new type of society. The new society was one that tolerated different religious beliefs. "The minds of men, abandoning the old disciplines and contentions of theology, turned to what they called "natural philosophy," namely, the faith in individual reason rather than in divine revelation; they welcomed the excitement offered by the ever widening opportunities for discovery and commerce and by the prospect of immeasurable progress owing to the inventions of science and technology and the spread of education."1 Religious toleration during the Age of Enlightenment was ultimately affected by changes in the Roman Catholic Church, the politics of the 18th century, and the philosophy movement. Enlightenment was a term, which was used to describe a new philosophy of life. "It was a time when man, stepping, out of his shackles, began to use his rational facilities †¦ and shoved aside the state and church authorities."2 Individuals began to rely on their own instincts in order to realize that there were certain civil liberties that should be provided to them, that they were not receiving. Religious freedom was one of these civil liberties.... ...f Church and State destroyed many monarchies and permitted democracy. 1 Nicolson, Harold. The Mainstream of the Modern World: The Age of Reason. Edited by John Gunther. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company Inc.,1961),19. 2 Pacini, David S. The Cunning of the Modern Religious Thought. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press,1987),35. 3 Pacini, 36. 4 Hooker, Richard. "Martin Luther." http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/LUTHER/HTM. (14Feb2000). 5 Nicolson, 40. 6 Pacini, 46. 7 Grell, Peter, Bob Scribner, ed. Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996),69. 8 Brians, Paul. "Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: The Social Contract (1762)." http://www.sgc.peachnet.edu/users/rreiman/www/time/rousseau.htm (14Feb2000). 9 Brians 10 Brians 11 Grell,167 12 Grell,168

Personal and Imaginative – Waiting Room

I stepped up cautiously to the tiny speaker, where I reluctantly pressed the call button. The high-pitched mechanical sounding voice of the receptionist asked me to enter. She led me into a room that was painted in fluorescent yellow. Don't copy this coursework you rat. After scanning the room thoroughly for thirty seconds to look for somewhere to sit, I saw a squashed corner between a large woman and a damp, frayed wall. My ears started to twitch; they could hear the dentist calling out complex numbers to the nurse who scratched her sharp pen on the desk. My whole body shivered from the cold draft that swept in like a horde of rats scurrying through an open door. Don't copy this coursework you rat. I saw a leather chair, which repelled me instantly and made me cringe because it reminded me of what I would be tilted back onto soon. I waited impatiently for the nurse to call out my name; the war between the dentist and me desperately needed to be over soon. I leant over and fiddled with my hands. There was also an old man Don't copy this coursework you rat. who seemed very tense, my eyes fixed upon him for a short moment and discovered small droplets of sweat forming on his bald head. As I leant backwards, my eyes started to shut. However, the sudden blow of air from an extractor fan woke me abruptly and I pushed my cold hands under my thighs to keep them warm. Don't copy this coursework you rat. I looked up at the clock, ticking almost as loud as the road drill I passed on the way here, my time was due. The shock made me sit up swiftly, trying to look confident and ready, the nurse came in, pointed at me and Don't copy this coursework you rat. said, ‘you're next. ‘ This made me slouch over in distress. Rising from this back aching position, I walked over to the room. This overjoye Don't copy this coursework you rat. d, bewildered man greeted me; my mind wondered why he was so happy; was it the pain he is going to inflict upon me? Or the slaughter he put the previous person into? ‘Usual check-up? ‘ After giving a faint nod as he glared over at me. Smelling for the usual, cheap soap smell that covered the room was Don't copy this coursework you rat. normal, no one could miss the filthy stench; the flavour of the soap settled in my mouth and under my tongue, making me pull a crooked face. The phone rang in the background, I thought to myself that I could be ‘saved by the bell' but the wretched receptionist, who bought me into this hellhole, answered it. The merciless dentist started to fill my mouth with his heap load of ironmongery, he jabbed at my gums, poked at my teeth, knocked them around and worst of all, took a needle, sharp as a newly p Don't copy this coursework you rat. olished, murderer's knife, and pushed it on my gums. I gave a gasp of pain and shot up, knocking the junk out of his hands, spitting violently like a hailstorm Don't copy this coursework you rat. nto the sink beside me as blood trickled from the centre of my large tooth. I turned to him, with a face full of hatred, but his only tactle Don't copy this coursework you rat. ss answer was, ‘sensitive teeth? ‘ At this point, my rage was taken over by my fear, as I leant backwards and signalled a sign for him to continue. I asked myself, dentists must be sadists†¦ As he fished around in my mouth, I noticed the old, damp ceiling, where the brown water rings were poorly covered up by harrowing posters of gum disease and pictures of peoples teeth who just so happened to have unsightly cavities across their mouths. I tried not to stare at the pictures for too long. To distract myself from the continuous Don't copy this coursework you rat. throbbing of my gums, after being brutally stabbed by, I fiddled with my hands, I scraped the leather chair I was in, and an extremely high pitched sound came out, I gave a slight shudder and just left my hands to lay beside me. It felt like a whole hour had passed by, but when I looked at the clock it had only been twelve minutes and 43 seconds to be exact. I starte Don't copy this coursework you rat. d to feel uncomfortable sitting and waiting for this building work to be completed. The man took put a small tool, and slowly turned on a switch, which started up the extractor fan. This suddenly reminded me of how it startled me earlier, this small machine seemed to clean and suck up dirt from Don't copy this coursework you rat. my mouth. However, all I saw it do was dry up the insides of my mouth and make me want to shut my mouth to Don't copy this coursework you rat. re-hydrate it. He switched the machine off and I sighed with relief because he convinced Don't copy this coursework you rat. me that the deed was over. No more for another six months was the usual occurrence. To my surprise he walked out of the room after, and mumbled something serious to the receptionist. He came back in and told me, ‘you must see me again ne Don't copy this coursework you rat. xt week, I have to remove some dead teeth that are softening your gums,' at the point where he said, ‘remove,' I instantly felt a heat wave pass through my head feeling like the sun had just burnt through my skull. I could not argue, there was nothing to say apart from, ‘have a nice day. ‘ My e Don't copy this coursework you rat. yes bounced up and down rapidly thinking of someway to get out of more, grievous harm to my mouth. My mind wondered what I had done to deserve this Don't copy this coursework you rat. unfair treatment, but then I remembered the nights of not brushing my teeth and date with a packet of wine gums and once, only once, for a whole week, forgetting to buy that toothpaste. I tried to escape the tooth prison without arranging a time for the next appointment. But no, with my extremely bad luck, I w Don't copy this coursework you rat. as ‘saved Don't copy this coursework you rat. ‘ by the dentist†¦ ‘You have to ask Miss Sassin here for an appointment date and time. Instead of making my anger obvious, I tried to put a silent curse on him and wished that he is run over on the way home. However, all I heard was ‘ask the assassin to point to the teeth she may kill. ‘ I was forced to make a date and time, on the spot. I declined all open appointments left between the next day and three months later, after that, the od Don't copy this coursework you rat. d pens ioner had booked their abnormal 7am appointments, but the rest were free, so there was no hope in begging to be excused any more. In 4 months, I was back, there to serve my time for committing the crime.

Macroeconomics Assignment Essay

Refer to the sets of the aggregate demand, short-run aggregate supply, and long-run aggregate supply curves. Use the graphs to explain the process and steps by which each of the following economic scenarios will shift the economy from one long-run macroeconomic equilibrium to another equilibrium. Under each scenario, elaborate the short-run and long-run effects of the shifts in the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves on the aggregate price level and aggregate output (real GDP). Suppose the household wealth decreases due to a decline in the stock market asset prices (See the set of graphs below and pay attention to the 3-stage shifts in graphs). Answer: In graph one the decline in the stock market asset price causes the AD line to shift downward, decreasing. The long-run equilibrium in the first graph is the point where all three of the lines (LRAS, S1, and D1) are connecting. With a lower GDP, the aggregated demand curve shifts to the left (D1 to D2) creating a new equilibrium point at a lower price level. In the second graph it shows a higher supply with the increase in the SRAS (S1 to S2) curve. It will create a new long run equilibrium at a lower price level. In the last graph it shows both the shift in the AS curve from AD1 to AD2 due to the decrease and it shows the increase in the SRAS curve from S1 to S2 due to higher supplies. It shows both the old and new equilibrium along the LRAS curve. The first one being higher than the other when the shifts to the curves happened it caused the equilibrium to shift down the LRAS curve because of the lower price level. Therefore, there is a wealth decrease due to a decline in the stock market asset price causes the lines to shift causing the price level to lower and the output to increase. b. Assume the government lowers taxes, which increases the household’s disposable income. However, the government purchases (spending) remains the same. (See the set of graphs below and shifts in graphs) Answer: In graph one the aggregate demand curve shifts from D1 to D2 as government lowers taxes and household disposable income increases. It shifts outward to  the right because there is an increase because the quantity of output demanded for a given price level rises. The shift represents an expansion. The long run equilibrium is where the LRAS, AS and AD intersect with one another. The second graph the AS line shifts to the left from S1 to S2 because there is a decrease in aggregate supply caused by the increase in input prices. This creates two different equilibriums the second one is created from the shift in the AS curve. On the third graph it shows all the changes made to the economy through the AD/AS line shifts. The AS line shifts from S1 to S2 and the AD line from D1 to D2. The lower equilibrium shows when all three lines are intersecting. It is the contractionary policy causing output and the price level to decrease in the short run, but only the price level to decrease in the l ong run. The higher equilibrium shows agree when all three lines are intersecting. It is the expansionary policy causing output and the price level to increase in the short run, but only the price level to increase in the long run. 2. Suppose the economy of a hypothetical country has reached its long-run macroeconomic equilibrium when each of the following aggregate demand shocks occurs. What kind of gap, inflationary or recessionary gap, will the economy face after the AD shock indicated by the shift in AD curves? What types of fiscal policy instruments will help move the economy back to the potential level of output (real GDP)? Give specific examples. a. At the long-run macroeconomic equilibrium, the stock market boom occurs and this increases the value of stocks households hold. (See the set of graphs below and shifts in graphs in the two-steps) Answer: A positive demand shock increases demand. Shown in graph one is the increase in the demand curve from SRAD1 to SRAD2 because of the positive demand shock. What an increase in demand does is cause more goods to be consumed at a higher price. This is why the shift occurs to the right of the demand curve because there is more of a demand for the goods being produced. An inflationary gap is when there is a gap between the level of real GDP and the potential output basically when the real GDP is greater than the potential. In the graphs because of the demand shock it shows an inflationary gap with the AS and AD curve intersecting on the right side of LRAS curve. In the second graph it shows that the government intervened in  order to bring the aggregate demand curve back down to its original place. Through the fiscal policy the government increased taxes to suck money out of the economy. The negative side is that it can create a sluggish economy and high unemployment levels. However, the government still has to use the fiscal policy in order to fine tuning the spending and taxation levels. b. The government increases its purchases (spending) due to natural disasters. (See the set of graphs below and shifts in graphs) Answer: To refresh a positive demand shock increases demand. The positive demand shock is occurring in the graphs due to the increase in spending because of the natural disaster. In graph one the SRAD shifts from SRAD1 to SRAD2, which is a sign of the positive demand shock. It means that more consumer goods are being consumed than produced. It causes the curve to shift to the right because of the increase in demand. This causes the government to take action in order to bring it back down to normal, stabilize it. The intervention is shown in graph two where the government stepped in and it brought the SRAD curve back down to its normal position SRAD3. An inflationary gap is in these graphs because of the shifts to the SRAD curve. An inflationary gap is when there is a gap between the level of real GDP and the potential output basically when the real GDP is greater than the potential. The inflationary gap is where the AS and AD curve intersect on the right side of the LRAS. Usually during an inflationary gap the government increases taxes in order to suck money out of the economy. This could also be done through the fiscal policy that dictates government-spending decreasing, which would also cause a decrease in the money circulation. The goal of the fiscal policy is to even out the business cycle. Assume the Central Bank reduces the money supply in the economy, which leads to an increase in the interest rates. (See the set of graphs below and shifts in graphs) Answer: A negative demand shock decreases demand. A negative demand shock usually encounters less quantity of goods being consumed, and the consumers still within the market pay a lower price for the good. Usually during these times  the economy wants to ignite the fire through decreasing taxation-giving people more money to spend. In graph one we see the negative demand shock happening when the SRAD1 shifts to the SRAD2. This change causes a recessionary gap where the SRAD2 and the S1 intersect. A recessionary gap usually indicates that the economy is about to fall into a recession, which is defined by the lower real GDP (level of income) then the full-employment level. This puts downward pressure on pricing in the long run. Consumer spending is down and businesses are not making considerable profits. During a recession means they need to pump money into the economy through the government creating jobs and wages. This happens with the government intervention in graph two where the SRAD2 goes back to the SRAD3. Reference Investopedia. (2014). Fiscal Policy. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/051904.asp Investopedia. (2014). Demand Shock. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/demandshock.asp Libby Rittenberg and Timothy Tregarthen. (2014).